Papers by Nina Ditmajer Prando
Slavia Centralis, 2024
Članek se osredinja na dve pesmi Štefana Modrinjaka in predstavlja preteklo hrvaško literarno tra... more Članek se osredinja na dve pesmi Štefana Modrinjaka in predstavlja preteklo hrvaško literarno tradicijo, ki je vplivala na nastanek njegovih pesmi. Pri pesmi Od protuletja je razvidno sledenje baročni kajkavski pesniški tradiciji, ki se je vsaj dve stoletji ohranjala v rokopisnem in ustnem izročilu, medtem ko so na nastanek njegove Molitve na Božico Slovenko vplivala prozna in pesniška natisnjena dela hrvaške renesanse, baroka in razsvetljenstva.
The article focuses on two poems by Štefan Modrinjak and presents the past Croatian literary tradition that influenced the creation of his poems. The poem Od protuletja/On Spring traces the Baroque Kajkavian poetic tradition that has been preserved in manuscript and oral traditions for at least two centuries, while his Molitva na Božico Slovenko/Prayer to the Slovenian Goddess was influenced by printed works of prose and poetry from the Croatian Renaissance, Baroque and Enlightenment periods.
Edinost in dialog , 2023
Prispevek odgovarja na ključna vprašanja o Ravnikar-Zupanovem prevodu Pentatevha: zakaj je ostal ... more Prispevek odgovarja na ključna vprašanja o Ravnikar-Zupanovem prevodu Pentatevha: zakaj je ostal v rokopisu, kdaj je nastal in kdo je njegov prevajalec. Prevod je najprej umeščen v širše družbeno-kulturne razmere s predstavitvijo odnosa Katoliške cerkve do prevajanja Svetega pisma v prvi polovici 19. stoletja in osvetlitvijo delovanja državne in cerkvene cenzure. Z ovrednotenjem korespondence med člani Zoisovega kroga, ki so sodelovali pri nastanku prevoda, sta naslovljeni vprašanji avtorstva in letnice nastanka prevoda. V nasprotju z dosedanjo prakso, ki prevod obravnava kot Ravnikarjev, je pokazano, da je pravilneje govoriti o Ravnikar-Zupanovem prevodu, saj je iz pisem med Kopitarjem, Zupanom in Zoisom razvidno, da Ravnikar Pentatevha ni v celoti prevedel sam. Iz pisem še sledi podatek, da je bil celoten prevod Pentatevha končan novembra 1812. V zadnjem delu članka je z analizo nekaj vrstic prvega poglavja Prve Mojzesove knjige obeh različic rokopisa pokazano, da je rokopis R1 odvisen od Japelj-Kumerdejevih prevodnih rešitev in jih večinoma v celoti ali deloma povzema, mestoma tudi Dalmatinove. Nakazano je, da v primeru rokopisa R1 prevajalca nista prevajala povsem na novo, temveč sta, podobno kot njuni sodobniki, prirejala svetopisemsko besedilo že obstoječih prevodov. Podobno, a v manjši meri in v večji odvisnosti od Dalmatina velja za rokopis R2, ki izkazuje tudi specifične jezikoslovne značilnosti, razvidne v natisnjenih Ravnikarjevih knjigah.
Abstract: The paper answers the key questions regarding Ravnikar-Zupan's translation of the Pentateuch: why it remained in the manuscript, when it was translated and who is its translator. The translation is first placed in the wider socio-cultural situation by presenting the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the translation of the Bible in the first half of the 19th century and shedding light on the functioning of state and church censorship. By evaluating the correspondence between the members of Zois's circle who participated in the creation of the translation, the questions of authorship and the year of creation of the translation are addressed. In contrast to the current practice, which addresses the translation as Ravnikar's, it is shown that it is more correct to speak of Ravnikar-Zupan's translation, since it is clear from the letters between Kopitar, Zupan and Zois that Ravnikar did not translated the Pentateuch himself. The letters also show that the entire translation of the Pentateuch was completed in November 1812. In the last part of the article, by analysing a few lines of the first chapter of the Genesis in both versions of the manuscript, it is shown that the R1 manuscript depends on Japelj-Kumerdej's translation solutions, which mostly fully or partially summarizes it, and also on Dalmatin's translations solutions. It is indicated that in the case of manuscript R1, the translators did not start from scratch, but rather, similar to their contemporaries, adapted the biblical text of already existing translations. The same applies to manuscript R2, but to a lesser extent and with a greater dependence on Dalmatin, which also exhibits specific linguistic characteristics evident in Ravnikar's printed books.
Slovenski literati in cesarska cenzura v dolgem 19. stoletju, 2023
Censorship of Krempl's Dogodivšine štajerske zemle in Graz and Zagreb
Anton Krempel was twice pr... more Censorship of Krempl's Dogodivšine štajerske zemle in Graz and Zagreb
Anton Krempel was twice prevented by the censors from printing his historical work Dogodivšine štajerske zemle, first in Graz and then in Zagreb, which delayed the publication of the book by several years. The censors or the examiners of the periodical press were also not fond of his work and cut his articles for the Grazer Zeitung and Kolo. His first attempt to print in Zagreb failed due to disagreements with Ljudevit Gaj, who had established a printing house there in 1838. Krempl supported the new Gajica orthography, but not the Illyrian language and the idea of political unification of Slovenes and Croats. In 1839-1844, Krempl began publishing a series of articles on Styrian history, towns and cities in a Graz newspaper. This won him both admirers (Puff) and opponents (Muchar) among the German historians of the time. He complained about the censorship of the newspaper, which, however, was not examined very closely by the Graz Court of Auditors. And if the German censorship was hostile to him because of his Slovene origin, he had already met a Hungarian censor in Zagreb in 1843, who was hostile to everything Illyrian, and before that, at the end of 1842, the printing of his historical work was stopped, influenced by the appointment of the new ban, Franjo Haller, a Hungarian magnate and also an opponent of Illyrianism. The most disturbing passages in Krempl's work Dogodivšine were those that implied the existence of an Illyrian nation, criticised the Germans or Hungarians in any way, or overemphasised the Slavic character of the Austrian Empire.
Kolektivne identitete skozi prizmo zgodovine dolgega trajanja. Slovenski pogledi, 2022
Homeland Themes in Slovenian Poems in Styria up to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
This article exami... more Homeland Themes in Slovenian Poems in Styria up to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
This article examines how poetry by Styrian Slovenians reflects their affiliation with the Habsburg Monarchy and later with the Austrian Empire. In addition, it addresses their affiliation with the crownland of Styria, and especially the expression of patriotic feelings and affilation with the Slovenian or “Slavic” people. The introductory part discusses the idea of a cultural nation, which appears before the idea of a political nation, and explains the meanings of the ethnonym Slovenec ‘Slovenian’ and linguonym slovenski ‘Slovenian’ based on works from Carniola, Carinthia,
Styria, and Prekmurje. This is followed by the presentation of homeland themes and motifs in various genres—from militia poems and poems marking special dynastic occasions to drinking poems, elegies, and poems about one’s homeland, which began to appear in Slovenian at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The generation of proponents of the national revival that studied in Graz at the time of the founding of the Slovenian circle and department there was greatly influenced by Kopitar’s work. They emphasized the importance of the native language, drew attention to the unjust historical position of the Slovenians (or Slavs), and demanded social and political recognition. The subsequent generation fought more actively against the Germanization of Styria and advocated the education of Slovenians in their native language. Initiatives to unify Slovenian were already emerging, which were expected to contribute to a shared ethnic consciousness and identity within the Austrian state because they already recognized the innate connection between the Carniolans, Carinthians, and Styrians. In the 1830s, the poems of the Styrians became distinctly ethnically exclusive and directed against the foreign German and Hungarian peoples. This kind of mentality intensied in the 1840s, when going to Graz for one’s education was understood as ethnic betrayal, and Slovenian identity was threatened by the emergence of Illyrianism. Poets in Styria also expressed their national affiliation with the Habsburg Monarchy, which was home to a multitude of peoples. In addition to legislation, personal identication with the state was encouraged by patriotic and propaganda poems during the Napoleonic Wars. Styrian
poets addressed their compatriots, exhorting them to defend the empire as a civic duty. Other types of affiliation were cultivated by odes to members of the Habsburg dynasty, especially Archduke John of Austria. In the 1840s, poems addressing Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria already emphasized the idea of the equality of Slovenian- and German-speaking citizens of the Austrian Empire.
Kronika, 2022
The article presents the preserved sermons of the Eastern Styrian priest Franc Cvetko (1789-1859)... more The article presents the preserved sermons of the Eastern Styrian priest Franc Cvetko (1789-1859), published posthumously in the newspaper Slovenski prijatelj. It focuses on selected sermons, written or delivered during Cvetko's ministry in Limbuš, Ptuj, and Ljutomer. The main focus is on presenting and contextualizing the content of the oc casional sermons, whereas the Sunday sermons for various holidays and periods of the church year are subjected to rhetorical rather than content analysis.
Novi pogledi na Adama Bohoriča, 2022
Der Beitrag stellt Kirchenlieder vor, die vom 16. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert zum poetischen Repertoi... more Der Beitrag stellt Kirchenlieder vor, die vom 16. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert zum poetischen Repertoire evangelischer und katholischer Gesangbücher gehörten. Die bisherige Erforschung der Akzeptanz deutscher protestantischen poetischen Tradition bei slowenischen protestantischen Schriftstellern des 16. Jahrhunderts wurde mit der Analyse der späteren Gesangbücher aus Prekmurje (17. und 18. Jahrhundert) ergänzt. In diesen ist eine stärkere Aufnahme des pannonischen Kirchenliedes zu erkennen. Besonders betrachtet werden dabei Morgen- und Abendlieder, die als die charakteristischsten protestantischen poetischen Gattungen gelten.
Slavica Tergestina, 2021
This article discusses Protestant and other forbidden books included on the Index librorum prohib... more This article discusses Protestant and other forbidden books included on the Index librorum prohibitorum (List
of Prohibited Books) from Pope Paul IV (1559) to Benedict XIV (1758), which, according to book catalogs, were located in the former or still-functioning
Minorite, Franciscan, Capuchin, and Dominican monasteries in Lower Styria. Works by Class I authors (I. Cl. Ind. Trid.), where the reformers are mainly
found (Luther, Hus, Melanchthon, and Trubar), were completely banned. This was followed by individual prohibited works (e.g., by Johann Ludwig Schönleben)
and works with problematic passages, forbidden until corrected (donec corrigantur; e.g., Johannes
Schneidewein).
Deroči vrelec Antona Krempla (zora 141), 2021
Der Beitrag stellt verschiedene Perioden von Krempls Aufenthalt und Arbeit in der Oststeiermark v... more Der Beitrag stellt verschiedene Perioden von Krempls Aufenthalt und Arbeit in der Oststeiermark vor und beleuchtet einige wichtige Ereignisse, welche zur Gestaltung seiner ethnischen Identität beigetragen haben. Seine ideologische Formierung erfolgte
zunächst durch die Schulausbildung in Graz und wurde daraufhin während seines Dienstes bei Mihael Jaklin abgeschlossen. Später befürwortete er ebenso den Panslawismus und lehnte den politischen Illyrismus von Ljudevit Gaj ab.
Jezik in slovstvo, 2020
The article presents selected poetic texts with religious content that have been preserved in the... more The article presents selected poetic texts with religious content that have been preserved in the literary tradition in both printed and manuscript form. These texts were printed and written in Slovenian lectionaries, catechisms, prayer books, alphabets, dictionaries, leaflets and independent hymnals. We focus on the most commonly represented poetic genres, such as Mary’s, saintly, festive, eschatological and passion songs, as well as songs about the Holy Body of the Saviour. The content of well-known Latin hymns, sequences and antiphons is presented, such as Pange lingua, Ave maris stella, Stabat mater dolorosa, Dies irae and certain other poems found in Slovenian Baroque hymnals.
Edinost in dialog, 2020
The article discovers which events and persons of the Old testament are transmitted to us as Mary... more The article discovers which events and persons of the Old testament are transmitted to us as Mary’s pre-images by Slovene religious hymnals in different periods of the Catholic Church. Her well-known pre-images are the Tower of David and the Ivory Tower, a spiritual vessel, a chest of peace, a lily, a rose without thorns, a fountain of grace, while comparisons with the Old Testament figure of Eve express a negative connotation, especially in the Baroque period. In Baroque eschatological songs, which aroused fear and condemnation, contempt for Jews (including Muslims) is often seen; these songs began phasing out of the liturgical use in the Church in the Age of Enlightenment. The theme of the collective guilt of the Jews for Christ’s suffering and death is most vividly illustrated by the Passion Songs.
Slavistična revija, 2020
The article analyzes the syntactic-semantic function of the connecting words ki, ka, and da, whic... more The article analyzes the syntactic-semantic function of the connecting words ki, ka, and da, which in the first half of the 19th century in the East Styrian area are recognized as multifunctional words distinct from the rest of the Slovenian language area. In order to determine the supra-dialectal, literary character of the words’ observable semantic functions and forms, a diachronic analysis of selected East Styrian texts is given, especially from the 18th century, followed by an overview of the normative use of connecting forms and a comparison with their use by Prekmurje, Kajkavian, Central Styrian, and Carniolan writers of the first half of the 19th century.
Connectors can act as semantic-grammatical coordinators in a sentence or between two sentences, or they may be correlated in particular in a sentence with a dependent clause. The article presents the substantive relationships between clauses in sentences, which the East Styrian writers defined in their works using different conjunctions, regardless of their subordinating and coordinating interlinear relationship. In the East Styrian language, the connecting words ino, ali, ki, da, kak, kaj, či, kda, and naj have at least three semantic functions. Particularly prominent are the connecting words ki, ka, and da, which are the most meaningful in terms of the rest of the Slovenian language area at that time. The texts of the East Styrian writers Leopold Volkmer, Jožef Muršec, Peter Dajnko, Anton Šerf, and Anton Krempl are selected for analysis, and they are compared with comparable texts by the Kajkavian writer Ignac Kristijanović, anonymous Prekmurje sermons, the central Styrian writer Slomšek, and the Carniolan writers Traven and Švab. It has been found that the connective word ki in the language of East Styrian writers expresses an authorial or authoritative position with regards to content or a person (1), consequence (2), intention (3), cause (4), and mode (5). Central Slavic writers expressed all these meanings with other connecting words. The connecting word da is also multifunctional in the East Styrian region, since, in contrast to the central Slovenian region, it expresses condition and cause.
Naši duhovniki in njihova dela, 2020
V prispevku predstavljam doslej neznano rokopisno pesmarico, ki jo je leta 1834 napisal upokojeni... more V prispevku predstavljam doslej neznano rokopisno pesmarico, ki jo je leta 1834 napisal upokojeni ruški učitelj Sebastijan Glades. V njej se nahaja 153 pesmi, ki so se pele v cerkvi ali ob različnih pobožnostih zunaj nje, npr. ob romanju in procesijah. Glades je več pesmi prevzel iz starejših kranjskih pesmaric in lekcionarjev, medtem ko novejših verjetno ni poznal, v mariborskem okrožju pa so bila tedaj zelo razširjena dela velikonedeljskega duhovnika Petra Dajnka, ki so jih očitno uporabljali tudi v Rušah. Posebno vrednost predstavljajo pesmi, namenjene romarjem k ruški Mariji. Pesmarica nam odkriva duhovno življenje ruških župljanov v prvi polovici 19. stoletja.
Cenzura na Slovenskem od protireformacije do predmarčne dobe, 2020
The paper deals with the libraries of selected Capuchin, Minorite, Dominican and Franciscan monas... more The paper deals with the libraries of selected Capuchin, Minorite, Dominican and Franciscan monasteries in Styria up to the middle of the eighteenth century. The focus is on books that found their way into the Church’s indexes of banned books from Pope Paul IV (1559) to Pope Benedict XIV (1758). Among the “authors of the first class”, consisting mainly of religious reformers, we can find Slovenian reformer Primož Trubar, the founder of Protestantism Martin Luther, the Philippist Viktorin Strigel, the Czech
reformer Jan Hus, the Lutheran theologian Caspar Huberinus, the Protestant reformer Martin Bucer, the Protestant poet and historian Georg Fabricius, and Nicolaus Copernicus, pupil Georg Joachim de Porris. The prohibited philosophical works included the works of Wilhelm Xylander, Philipp Melanchthon, Joannes Velcurio and Hieronymus Wildenberg. In the monasteries, the dictionary of the Lutheran professor of Hebrew Valentin Schindler and the historical works of Sebastian Münster and Johannes Sleidanus were used. Among controversial lawyers, one can find Ulrich
Zasius, Matthias Wesenbeck, the Calvinist Jean Crespin and Hieronymus Schurff. The morally questionable works in the Styrian monasteries included books on exorcism, witchcraft and occultism by authors such as Wolfgang Heidel, Ubald Stoiber, Joachim Sterck van Ringelberg and Girolamo Menghi. The monasteries frequently possessed the works of Erasmus of Rotterdam and Jurij Dalmatin’s Slovenian translation of the Bible.
Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje, 2018
The Franciscan Library and the Library of the School Sisters in Maribor
The catalogue from the F... more The Franciscan Library and the Library of the School Sisters in Maribor
The catalogue from the Franciscan Library in Maribor comprises 25 thematic areas of mostly German and Latin books in the fields of dogmatic, moral and pastoral theology, secular and church history, catechetic, asceticism, sermons, writings of church fathers, scriptures, biographies of saints, philosophy, literature, linguistics and natural sciences. Researching the catalogue, I particularly focused on Slovene works, catalogued by Brother Severin. Among books on asceticism we find 180 Slovene works; further on there are 173 literary works, 57 professional handbooks, 53 Slovene sermons, and 52 biographies of saints. Prayer books stand out among the books on asceticism. The Marian prayer books were frequent in this period; school textbooks and professional handbooks stand out among school books and science books, and poetry is well represented among literary works. Biographies represent popular saints of that time; there are more recent Slovene editions from the 19th and 20th century among the scriptures; various works by Bishop Anton Martin Slomšek are strongly represented. The book catalogue of the School Sisters shows that in the school year 1939/40 the teachers’ library had 3,411 books and magazines, the students’ library 2,332, and an elementary school library 400 items. Rare books of the Women’s College of Education of the School Sisters can today be identified by different ownership stamps in some Slovene libraries in Maribor and Ljubljana. The article also describes books published by the School Sisters themselves.
Cobiss type: 1.01 UDC: 004.934:821.163.6-1"16/18" IZVLEČEK ZAPIS VARIANTNOSTI STAREJŠIH SLOVENSKI... more Cobiss type: 1.01 UDC: 004.934:821.163.6-1"16/18" IZVLEČEK ZAPIS VARIANTNOSTI STAREJŠIH SLOVENSKIH PESNIŠKIH BESEDIL V TEI V prispevku obravnavamo problematiko zapisa verza in variantnih mest v znanstvenokritični izdaji Foglarjevega rokopisa, štajerske baročne pesmarice iz sredine 18. stoletja. Najprej prikažemo diplomatični zapis verza v izbranih problematičnih primerih. V nadaljevanju predstavimo metodo, uporabljeno za izdelavo kritičnega aparata variantnih mest. Temeljno besedilo, tj. Foglarjev rokopis, je primerjano z verzijami v osmih drugih rokopisih in tiskih iz 18. in začetka 19. stoletja. Variantna mesta so označena z elementi XML po Smernicah TEI (TEI Guidelines) kot enote kritičnega aparata. Prikazujemo nekaj primerov detajliranega označevanja rime, stopice, zamenjav verzov ter variantnih razlik na pravopisni, glasoslovni in leksikalni ravnini jezika. Na koncu orišemo več možnosti spletnega prikaza elektronskega diplomatičnega besedila. Pokazala se je potreba po prilagodljivosti teh orodij slovenskemu literarnemu izročilu. Ključne besede: slovensko slovstvo, Foglarjev rokopis, znanstvenokritična izdaja, kritični aparat, variantnost besedila, TEI ABSTRACT The paper deals with the problem of encoding the verses and textual variants in the critical edition of Foglar's Manuscript, a Styrian Baroque hymn book from the mideighteenth century. We first show the diplomatic transcript of the verse in selected problematic cases, after which we present the method applied to produce a critical apparatus for approaching textual variants. The base text, i.e. Foglar's Manuscript, is compared with versions in eight other manuscripts and prints from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Variants are encoded with XML elements according to the TEI Guidelines as units of the critical apparatus. We highlight some examples of the detailed encoding of rhymes, feet, verse replacements, and textual variants on the spelling, vocabulary and lexical levels of the language. To conclude, we present a number of possibilities for the online display of the electronic diplomatic transcript. The need for the adaptability of these tools to the Slovenian literary tradition is evident.
Edinost in dialog, 2015
This paper covers Slovene Protestant translations of the Bible in relation to the catholic trans... more This paper covers Slovene Protestant translations of the Bible in relation to the catholic translations. During the Catholic era in the 17th and first half of the 18th century the catholic priests started to reach for Protestant books due to the lack of catholic handbooks: Hren, the bishop of Ljubljana, based the lectionary (1612) to a great extent on the translation by Dalmatin and thereby has a direct association with the traditional Slovene Protestant writers. Jurij Japelj, the first translator of the complete catholic Bible (1784), also based the translation of the New Testament on the translation by Dalmatin. In the 19th century Slovenian translators begin to rediscover Slovenian archaic and etymological verb forms testified in Slovenian Protestant translations of the Bible during the 16th and 19th centuries. Contemporary Slovenian Catholic and ecumenical translations are abandoning archaic verb forms due to the large impact of Slovenian prose and because of discouraged use of archaic verse in grammars.
The article deals with prominent language features of modern translations of the Bible into Slove... more The article deals with prominent language features of modern translations of the Bible into Slovene. It focuses primarily on the linguistic changes appearing in the Chráska translation (1914) and the »Maribor Bible« (1925). There is a more specific focus on the two editions of Breznik’s grammar (1916, 1934), because they contain many examples from biblical texts, whereas later grammars no longer do so. Modern translations are characterized by the progressive abandonment of traditional grammar and literary forms, but in the last two versions of translations (SSP, JB) their re-introduction into the text is noticeable.
Jezikoslovni zapiski 20/2
This article presents nineteenth-century Slovenian botanical terminology as seen in the two major... more This article presents nineteenth-century Slovenian botanical terminology as seen in the two major Slovenian-German dictionaries from that century, by Murko (1833) and Pleteršnik (1894–1895). Various sources are presented that are or could be the basis of the botanical terms in the dictionaries. The article lists all of the botanical terms with Latin equivalents in Murko’s dictionary. This is not possible for Pleteršnik’s dictionary due to the large number of such equivalents because the field was already advanced at that time.
Keywords: terminology, botanical terms, Anton Murko, Maks Pleteršnik, dictionary
Short articles by Nina Ditmajer Prando
Tretji dan, 2018
V prispevku najprej opredeljujem tri pojme, ki se v zadnjih desetletjih uporabljajo za nekanonizi... more V prispevku najprej opredeljujem tri pojme, ki se v zadnjih desetletjih uporabljajo za nekanonizirana judovska in krščanska besedila. Nihanje raziskovalcev še posebej med pojmoma paratekstualna in parabiblična literatura vsekakor nakazuje, da ti pojmi še niso ustaljeni v svetovni znanstveni sferi. V drugem delu članka se posvečam novi monografiji bolgarske raziskovalke dr. Anissave Miltenove, ki je strokovnjakinja za staroslovanska literarna besedila. V svojem delu nam predstavlja nekatera apokrifna besedila, ki se pojavljajo v danes ohranjenih južnoslovanskih zbirkah, kar je vsekakor zanimivo branje tudi za slovenske raziskovalce in poznavalce srednjeveških besedil.
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Papers by Nina Ditmajer Prando
The article focuses on two poems by Štefan Modrinjak and presents the past Croatian literary tradition that influenced the creation of his poems. The poem Od protuletja/On Spring traces the Baroque Kajkavian poetic tradition that has been preserved in manuscript and oral traditions for at least two centuries, while his Molitva na Božico Slovenko/Prayer to the Slovenian Goddess was influenced by printed works of prose and poetry from the Croatian Renaissance, Baroque and Enlightenment periods.
Abstract: The paper answers the key questions regarding Ravnikar-Zupan's translation of the Pentateuch: why it remained in the manuscript, when it was translated and who is its translator. The translation is first placed in the wider socio-cultural situation by presenting the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the translation of the Bible in the first half of the 19th century and shedding light on the functioning of state and church censorship. By evaluating the correspondence between the members of Zois's circle who participated in the creation of the translation, the questions of authorship and the year of creation of the translation are addressed. In contrast to the current practice, which addresses the translation as Ravnikar's, it is shown that it is more correct to speak of Ravnikar-Zupan's translation, since it is clear from the letters between Kopitar, Zupan and Zois that Ravnikar did not translated the Pentateuch himself. The letters also show that the entire translation of the Pentateuch was completed in November 1812. In the last part of the article, by analysing a few lines of the first chapter of the Genesis in both versions of the manuscript, it is shown that the R1 manuscript depends on Japelj-Kumerdej's translation solutions, which mostly fully or partially summarizes it, and also on Dalmatin's translations solutions. It is indicated that in the case of manuscript R1, the translators did not start from scratch, but rather, similar to their contemporaries, adapted the biblical text of already existing translations. The same applies to manuscript R2, but to a lesser extent and with a greater dependence on Dalmatin, which also exhibits specific linguistic characteristics evident in Ravnikar's printed books.
Anton Krempel was twice prevented by the censors from printing his historical work Dogodivšine štajerske zemle, first in Graz and then in Zagreb, which delayed the publication of the book by several years. The censors or the examiners of the periodical press were also not fond of his work and cut his articles for the Grazer Zeitung and Kolo. His first attempt to print in Zagreb failed due to disagreements with Ljudevit Gaj, who had established a printing house there in 1838. Krempl supported the new Gajica orthography, but not the Illyrian language and the idea of political unification of Slovenes and Croats. In 1839-1844, Krempl began publishing a series of articles on Styrian history, towns and cities in a Graz newspaper. This won him both admirers (Puff) and opponents (Muchar) among the German historians of the time. He complained about the censorship of the newspaper, which, however, was not examined very closely by the Graz Court of Auditors. And if the German censorship was hostile to him because of his Slovene origin, he had already met a Hungarian censor in Zagreb in 1843, who was hostile to everything Illyrian, and before that, at the end of 1842, the printing of his historical work was stopped, influenced by the appointment of the new ban, Franjo Haller, a Hungarian magnate and also an opponent of Illyrianism. The most disturbing passages in Krempl's work Dogodivšine were those that implied the existence of an Illyrian nation, criticised the Germans or Hungarians in any way, or overemphasised the Slavic character of the Austrian Empire.
This article examines how poetry by Styrian Slovenians reflects their affiliation with the Habsburg Monarchy and later with the Austrian Empire. In addition, it addresses their affiliation with the crownland of Styria, and especially the expression of patriotic feelings and affilation with the Slovenian or “Slavic” people. The introductory part discusses the idea of a cultural nation, which appears before the idea of a political nation, and explains the meanings of the ethnonym Slovenec ‘Slovenian’ and linguonym slovenski ‘Slovenian’ based on works from Carniola, Carinthia,
Styria, and Prekmurje. This is followed by the presentation of homeland themes and motifs in various genres—from militia poems and poems marking special dynastic occasions to drinking poems, elegies, and poems about one’s homeland, which began to appear in Slovenian at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The generation of proponents of the national revival that studied in Graz at the time of the founding of the Slovenian circle and department there was greatly influenced by Kopitar’s work. They emphasized the importance of the native language, drew attention to the unjust historical position of the Slovenians (or Slavs), and demanded social and political recognition. The subsequent generation fought more actively against the Germanization of Styria and advocated the education of Slovenians in their native language. Initiatives to unify Slovenian were already emerging, which were expected to contribute to a shared ethnic consciousness and identity within the Austrian state because they already recognized the innate connection between the Carniolans, Carinthians, and Styrians. In the 1830s, the poems of the Styrians became distinctly ethnically exclusive and directed against the foreign German and Hungarian peoples. This kind of mentality intensied in the 1840s, when going to Graz for one’s education was understood as ethnic betrayal, and Slovenian identity was threatened by the emergence of Illyrianism. Poets in Styria also expressed their national affiliation with the Habsburg Monarchy, which was home to a multitude of peoples. In addition to legislation, personal identication with the state was encouraged by patriotic and propaganda poems during the Napoleonic Wars. Styrian
poets addressed their compatriots, exhorting them to defend the empire as a civic duty. Other types of affiliation were cultivated by odes to members of the Habsburg dynasty, especially Archduke John of Austria. In the 1840s, poems addressing Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria already emphasized the idea of the equality of Slovenian- and German-speaking citizens of the Austrian Empire.
of Prohibited Books) from Pope Paul IV (1559) to Benedict XIV (1758), which, according to book catalogs, were located in the former or still-functioning
Minorite, Franciscan, Capuchin, and Dominican monasteries in Lower Styria. Works by Class I authors (I. Cl. Ind. Trid.), where the reformers are mainly
found (Luther, Hus, Melanchthon, and Trubar), were completely banned. This was followed by individual prohibited works (e.g., by Johann Ludwig Schönleben)
and works with problematic passages, forbidden until corrected (donec corrigantur; e.g., Johannes
Schneidewein).
zunächst durch die Schulausbildung in Graz und wurde daraufhin während seines Dienstes bei Mihael Jaklin abgeschlossen. Später befürwortete er ebenso den Panslawismus und lehnte den politischen Illyrismus von Ljudevit Gaj ab.
Connectors can act as semantic-grammatical coordinators in a sentence or between two sentences, or they may be correlated in particular in a sentence with a dependent clause. The article presents the substantive relationships between clauses in sentences, which the East Styrian writers defined in their works using different conjunctions, regardless of their subordinating and coordinating interlinear relationship. In the East Styrian language, the connecting words ino, ali, ki, da, kak, kaj, či, kda, and naj have at least three semantic functions. Particularly prominent are the connecting words ki, ka, and da, which are the most meaningful in terms of the rest of the Slovenian language area at that time. The texts of the East Styrian writers Leopold Volkmer, Jožef Muršec, Peter Dajnko, Anton Šerf, and Anton Krempl are selected for analysis, and they are compared with comparable texts by the Kajkavian writer Ignac Kristijanović, anonymous Prekmurje sermons, the central Styrian writer Slomšek, and the Carniolan writers Traven and Švab. It has been found that the connective word ki in the language of East Styrian writers expresses an authorial or authoritative position with regards to content or a person (1), consequence (2), intention (3), cause (4), and mode (5). Central Slavic writers expressed all these meanings with other connecting words. The connecting word da is also multifunctional in the East Styrian region, since, in contrast to the central Slovenian region, it expresses condition and cause.
reformer Jan Hus, the Lutheran theologian Caspar Huberinus, the Protestant reformer Martin Bucer, the Protestant poet and historian Georg Fabricius, and Nicolaus Copernicus, pupil Georg Joachim de Porris. The prohibited philosophical works included the works of Wilhelm Xylander, Philipp Melanchthon, Joannes Velcurio and Hieronymus Wildenberg. In the monasteries, the dictionary of the Lutheran professor of Hebrew Valentin Schindler and the historical works of Sebastian Münster and Johannes Sleidanus were used. Among controversial lawyers, one can find Ulrich
Zasius, Matthias Wesenbeck, the Calvinist Jean Crespin and Hieronymus Schurff. The morally questionable works in the Styrian monasteries included books on exorcism, witchcraft and occultism by authors such as Wolfgang Heidel, Ubald Stoiber, Joachim Sterck van Ringelberg and Girolamo Menghi. The monasteries frequently possessed the works of Erasmus of Rotterdam and Jurij Dalmatin’s Slovenian translation of the Bible.
The catalogue from the Franciscan Library in Maribor comprises 25 thematic areas of mostly German and Latin books in the fields of dogmatic, moral and pastoral theology, secular and church history, catechetic, asceticism, sermons, writings of church fathers, scriptures, biographies of saints, philosophy, literature, linguistics and natural sciences. Researching the catalogue, I particularly focused on Slovene works, catalogued by Brother Severin. Among books on asceticism we find 180 Slovene works; further on there are 173 literary works, 57 professional handbooks, 53 Slovene sermons, and 52 biographies of saints. Prayer books stand out among the books on asceticism. The Marian prayer books were frequent in this period; school textbooks and professional handbooks stand out among school books and science books, and poetry is well represented among literary works. Biographies represent popular saints of that time; there are more recent Slovene editions from the 19th and 20th century among the scriptures; various works by Bishop Anton Martin Slomšek are strongly represented. The book catalogue of the School Sisters shows that in the school year 1939/40 the teachers’ library had 3,411 books and magazines, the students’ library 2,332, and an elementary school library 400 items. Rare books of the Women’s College of Education of the School Sisters can today be identified by different ownership stamps in some Slovene libraries in Maribor and Ljubljana. The article also describes books published by the School Sisters themselves.
Keywords: terminology, botanical terms, Anton Murko, Maks Pleteršnik, dictionary
Short articles by Nina Ditmajer Prando
The article focuses on two poems by Štefan Modrinjak and presents the past Croatian literary tradition that influenced the creation of his poems. The poem Od protuletja/On Spring traces the Baroque Kajkavian poetic tradition that has been preserved in manuscript and oral traditions for at least two centuries, while his Molitva na Božico Slovenko/Prayer to the Slovenian Goddess was influenced by printed works of prose and poetry from the Croatian Renaissance, Baroque and Enlightenment periods.
Abstract: The paper answers the key questions regarding Ravnikar-Zupan's translation of the Pentateuch: why it remained in the manuscript, when it was translated and who is its translator. The translation is first placed in the wider socio-cultural situation by presenting the attitude of the Catholic Church towards the translation of the Bible in the first half of the 19th century and shedding light on the functioning of state and church censorship. By evaluating the correspondence between the members of Zois's circle who participated in the creation of the translation, the questions of authorship and the year of creation of the translation are addressed. In contrast to the current practice, which addresses the translation as Ravnikar's, it is shown that it is more correct to speak of Ravnikar-Zupan's translation, since it is clear from the letters between Kopitar, Zupan and Zois that Ravnikar did not translated the Pentateuch himself. The letters also show that the entire translation of the Pentateuch was completed in November 1812. In the last part of the article, by analysing a few lines of the first chapter of the Genesis in both versions of the manuscript, it is shown that the R1 manuscript depends on Japelj-Kumerdej's translation solutions, which mostly fully or partially summarizes it, and also on Dalmatin's translations solutions. It is indicated that in the case of manuscript R1, the translators did not start from scratch, but rather, similar to their contemporaries, adapted the biblical text of already existing translations. The same applies to manuscript R2, but to a lesser extent and with a greater dependence on Dalmatin, which also exhibits specific linguistic characteristics evident in Ravnikar's printed books.
Anton Krempel was twice prevented by the censors from printing his historical work Dogodivšine štajerske zemle, first in Graz and then in Zagreb, which delayed the publication of the book by several years. The censors or the examiners of the periodical press were also not fond of his work and cut his articles for the Grazer Zeitung and Kolo. His first attempt to print in Zagreb failed due to disagreements with Ljudevit Gaj, who had established a printing house there in 1838. Krempl supported the new Gajica orthography, but not the Illyrian language and the idea of political unification of Slovenes and Croats. In 1839-1844, Krempl began publishing a series of articles on Styrian history, towns and cities in a Graz newspaper. This won him both admirers (Puff) and opponents (Muchar) among the German historians of the time. He complained about the censorship of the newspaper, which, however, was not examined very closely by the Graz Court of Auditors. And if the German censorship was hostile to him because of his Slovene origin, he had already met a Hungarian censor in Zagreb in 1843, who was hostile to everything Illyrian, and before that, at the end of 1842, the printing of his historical work was stopped, influenced by the appointment of the new ban, Franjo Haller, a Hungarian magnate and also an opponent of Illyrianism. The most disturbing passages in Krempl's work Dogodivšine were those that implied the existence of an Illyrian nation, criticised the Germans or Hungarians in any way, or overemphasised the Slavic character of the Austrian Empire.
This article examines how poetry by Styrian Slovenians reflects their affiliation with the Habsburg Monarchy and later with the Austrian Empire. In addition, it addresses their affiliation with the crownland of Styria, and especially the expression of patriotic feelings and affilation with the Slovenian or “Slavic” people. The introductory part discusses the idea of a cultural nation, which appears before the idea of a political nation, and explains the meanings of the ethnonym Slovenec ‘Slovenian’ and linguonym slovenski ‘Slovenian’ based on works from Carniola, Carinthia,
Styria, and Prekmurje. This is followed by the presentation of homeland themes and motifs in various genres—from militia poems and poems marking special dynastic occasions to drinking poems, elegies, and poems about one’s homeland, which began to appear in Slovenian at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The generation of proponents of the national revival that studied in Graz at the time of the founding of the Slovenian circle and department there was greatly influenced by Kopitar’s work. They emphasized the importance of the native language, drew attention to the unjust historical position of the Slovenians (or Slavs), and demanded social and political recognition. The subsequent generation fought more actively against the Germanization of Styria and advocated the education of Slovenians in their native language. Initiatives to unify Slovenian were already emerging, which were expected to contribute to a shared ethnic consciousness and identity within the Austrian state because they already recognized the innate connection between the Carniolans, Carinthians, and Styrians. In the 1830s, the poems of the Styrians became distinctly ethnically exclusive and directed against the foreign German and Hungarian peoples. This kind of mentality intensied in the 1840s, when going to Graz for one’s education was understood as ethnic betrayal, and Slovenian identity was threatened by the emergence of Illyrianism. Poets in Styria also expressed their national affiliation with the Habsburg Monarchy, which was home to a multitude of peoples. In addition to legislation, personal identication with the state was encouraged by patriotic and propaganda poems during the Napoleonic Wars. Styrian
poets addressed their compatriots, exhorting them to defend the empire as a civic duty. Other types of affiliation were cultivated by odes to members of the Habsburg dynasty, especially Archduke John of Austria. In the 1840s, poems addressing Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria already emphasized the idea of the equality of Slovenian- and German-speaking citizens of the Austrian Empire.
of Prohibited Books) from Pope Paul IV (1559) to Benedict XIV (1758), which, according to book catalogs, were located in the former or still-functioning
Minorite, Franciscan, Capuchin, and Dominican monasteries in Lower Styria. Works by Class I authors (I. Cl. Ind. Trid.), where the reformers are mainly
found (Luther, Hus, Melanchthon, and Trubar), were completely banned. This was followed by individual prohibited works (e.g., by Johann Ludwig Schönleben)
and works with problematic passages, forbidden until corrected (donec corrigantur; e.g., Johannes
Schneidewein).
zunächst durch die Schulausbildung in Graz und wurde daraufhin während seines Dienstes bei Mihael Jaklin abgeschlossen. Später befürwortete er ebenso den Panslawismus und lehnte den politischen Illyrismus von Ljudevit Gaj ab.
Connectors can act as semantic-grammatical coordinators in a sentence or between two sentences, or they may be correlated in particular in a sentence with a dependent clause. The article presents the substantive relationships between clauses in sentences, which the East Styrian writers defined in their works using different conjunctions, regardless of their subordinating and coordinating interlinear relationship. In the East Styrian language, the connecting words ino, ali, ki, da, kak, kaj, či, kda, and naj have at least three semantic functions. Particularly prominent are the connecting words ki, ka, and da, which are the most meaningful in terms of the rest of the Slovenian language area at that time. The texts of the East Styrian writers Leopold Volkmer, Jožef Muršec, Peter Dajnko, Anton Šerf, and Anton Krempl are selected for analysis, and they are compared with comparable texts by the Kajkavian writer Ignac Kristijanović, anonymous Prekmurje sermons, the central Styrian writer Slomšek, and the Carniolan writers Traven and Švab. It has been found that the connective word ki in the language of East Styrian writers expresses an authorial or authoritative position with regards to content or a person (1), consequence (2), intention (3), cause (4), and mode (5). Central Slavic writers expressed all these meanings with other connecting words. The connecting word da is also multifunctional in the East Styrian region, since, in contrast to the central Slovenian region, it expresses condition and cause.
reformer Jan Hus, the Lutheran theologian Caspar Huberinus, the Protestant reformer Martin Bucer, the Protestant poet and historian Georg Fabricius, and Nicolaus Copernicus, pupil Georg Joachim de Porris. The prohibited philosophical works included the works of Wilhelm Xylander, Philipp Melanchthon, Joannes Velcurio and Hieronymus Wildenberg. In the monasteries, the dictionary of the Lutheran professor of Hebrew Valentin Schindler and the historical works of Sebastian Münster and Johannes Sleidanus were used. Among controversial lawyers, one can find Ulrich
Zasius, Matthias Wesenbeck, the Calvinist Jean Crespin and Hieronymus Schurff. The morally questionable works in the Styrian monasteries included books on exorcism, witchcraft and occultism by authors such as Wolfgang Heidel, Ubald Stoiber, Joachim Sterck van Ringelberg and Girolamo Menghi. The monasteries frequently possessed the works of Erasmus of Rotterdam and Jurij Dalmatin’s Slovenian translation of the Bible.
The catalogue from the Franciscan Library in Maribor comprises 25 thematic areas of mostly German and Latin books in the fields of dogmatic, moral and pastoral theology, secular and church history, catechetic, asceticism, sermons, writings of church fathers, scriptures, biographies of saints, philosophy, literature, linguistics and natural sciences. Researching the catalogue, I particularly focused on Slovene works, catalogued by Brother Severin. Among books on asceticism we find 180 Slovene works; further on there are 173 literary works, 57 professional handbooks, 53 Slovene sermons, and 52 biographies of saints. Prayer books stand out among the books on asceticism. The Marian prayer books were frequent in this period; school textbooks and professional handbooks stand out among school books and science books, and poetry is well represented among literary works. Biographies represent popular saints of that time; there are more recent Slovene editions from the 19th and 20th century among the scriptures; various works by Bishop Anton Martin Slomšek are strongly represented. The book catalogue of the School Sisters shows that in the school year 1939/40 the teachers’ library had 3,411 books and magazines, the students’ library 2,332, and an elementary school library 400 items. Rare books of the Women’s College of Education of the School Sisters can today be identified by different ownership stamps in some Slovene libraries in Maribor and Ljubljana. The article also describes books published by the School Sisters themselves.
Keywords: terminology, botanical terms, Anton Murko, Maks Pleteršnik, dictionary
are linguistically and historically compared to the oldest Slovenian translations of the Bible.
The syntactical-semantic analysis of the verbs has shown that the verbs with the phatic
function are prevailing; they are followed by verbs with the conative function, expressive
function and the metalingual function, whereas the text does not contain any verbs with
the referential function.
The doctoral dissertation discusses and assesses the role of the sermon manuscripts of Jožef Muršec, an important national awakener, in the history of the Slovenian standard language. It focuses on literary traditions in the East Slovenian region where a special East Styrian regional version of the Slovenian standard language was developed. In the theoretical part, besides the already known biographical data, the author pays special attention to Muršec's views on the Slovenian language as well as his work as a grammarian which shows how East Styrians implemented the common Slovenian literary norm in the mid 19th century. Subsequently, a detailed overview of the so far known literature in the East Styrian region is provided which is supplemented by less known or overlooked manuscripts. A closer observation of the linguistic cultural situation in the first half of the 19th century does not focus very much on the activity of Peter Dajnko but rather depicts the linguistic disunity or the unity within the same generations of the more prominent East Styrian writers. Jožef Muršec came from a generation of young priests who were unable to fully join the romantic bourgeois movements such as Illyrism and Pan-Slavism due to their social class. His and the younger generation in particular obviously sympathised with those movements and had critical opinions regarding Dajnko's utilitarian literary-linguistic programme. The main empirical part of the dissertation is an attempt to place Muršec's early sermons according to the East Styrian, the broader Pannonian (Prekmurian and Kajkavian) as well as the Central Slovenian (Carniolan and Carinthian) linguistic system. The basis for the evaluation is therefore not only Dajnko's grammar but also other grammars as well as previous and concurrent literary tradition. It is due to this tradition why we can observe a linguistic transformation within a linguistic region as well as a continuity of literary regional and/or dialectic regional linguistic elements. Within this literary-linguistic system, the input of well-defined linguistic forms from other Slovenian ethnic regions is recognised as linguistic enrichment and a part of the standardisation process. In his sermon manuscripts, Jožef Muršec has maintained the East Styrian linguistic tradition in accordance with his linguistic knowledge which he gathered as a student of Koloman Kvas in Graz and as a reader of the works of Dajnko.