TREM2 deficiency impairs chemotaxis and microglial responses to neuronal injury. (Q36366427)

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

title

TREM2 deficiency impairs chemotaxis and microglial responses to neuronal injury (English)

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2

19 March 2020

main subject

microglia

0 references

1 reference

GOA release 2020-03-11

1 reference

1

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

Gernot Kleinberger

3

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

Sabina Tahirovic

13

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

Thomas Misgeld

15

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

Christian Haass

17

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

10

Wolfgang Wurst

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

7

Susanne Krasemann

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

12

Sebastian Bultmann

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

4

Charlotte Madore

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

11

Bettina Brunner

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

8

Anja Capell

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

author name string

Nicolas Snaidero

2

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

Anna Daria

5

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

Georg Werner

6

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

Dietrich Trümbach

9

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

Martin Kerschensteiner

14

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

Oleg Butovsky

16

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

publication date

8 May 2017

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

volume

18

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

issue

7

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

page(s)

1186-1198

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

Young microglia restore amyloid plaque clearance of aged microglia.

19 March 2020

cites work

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Early changes in CSF sTREM2 in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease occur after amyloid deposition and neuronal injury

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 Binds to Apolipoproteins, Including APOE and CLU/APOJ, and Thereby Facilitates Uptake of Amyloid-Beta by Microglia.

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist?

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 deficiency reduces the efficacy of immunotherapeutic amyloid clearance

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 in aging and Alzheimer's disease

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2-mediated early microglial response limits diffusion and toxicity of amyloid plaques

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TAM receptors regulate multiple features of microglial physiology

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

sTREM2 cerebrospinal fluid levels are a potential biomarker for microglia activity in early-stage Alzheimer's disease and associate with neuronal injury markers

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 variants: new keys to decipher Alzheimer disease pathogenesis

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Do not let death do us part: 'find-me' signals in communication between dying cells and the phagocytes

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 Function in Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegeneration

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 is higher in Alzheimer disease and associated with mutation status

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Increased cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 concentration in Alzheimer's disease

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Apolipoprotein E Is a Ligand for Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2).

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

The Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 Binds Apolipoprotein E.

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Induction of a common microglia gene expression signature by aging and neurodegenerative conditions: a co-expression meta-analysis.

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 deficiency eliminates TREM2+ inflammatory macrophages and ameliorates pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models.

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 lipid sensing sustains the microglial response in an Alzheimer's disease model

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Targeting miR-155 restores abnormal microglia and attenuates disease in SOD1 mice.

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 mutations implicated in neurodegeneration impair cell surface transport and phagocytosis

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Altered microglial response to Aβ plaques in APPPS1-21 mice heterozygous for TREM2.

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 variant p.R47H as a risk factor for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Identification of a unique TGF-β-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Heterozygous TREM2 mutations in frontotemporal dementia

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Sequential proteolytic processing of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) protein by ectodomain shedding and γ-secretase-dependent intramembranous cleavage

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Self-propagation of pathogenic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Novel compound heterozygous mutation in TREM2 found in a Turkish frontotemporal dementia-like family

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

A neurodegeneration-specific gene-expression signature of acutely isolated microglia from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 in neurodegeneration: evidence for association of the p.R47H variant with frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's disease

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Structure, expression pattern and biological activity of molecular complex TREM-2/DAP12.

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Using exome sequencing to reveal mutations in TREM2 presenting as a frontotemporal dementia-like syndrome without bone involvement

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Attenuated inflammatory response in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) knock-out mice following stroke

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 Variants in Alzheimer's Disease

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Variant of TREM2 Associated with the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

The "quad-partite" synapse: microglia-synapse interactions in the developing and mature CNS

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

10 July 2018

Physiology of microglia

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Microglia shape adult hippocampal neurogenesis through apoptosis-coupled phagocytosis

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TGF-beta1 blockade of microglial chemotaxis toward Abeta aggregates involves SMAD signaling and down-regulation of CCL5

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Long-term, high-resolution imaging in the mouse neocortex through a chronic cranial window

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

The classical complement cascade mediates CNS synapse elimination

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Engulfment of apoptotic cells: signals for a good meal

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Abeta42-driven cerebral amyloidosis in transgenic mice reveals early and robust pathology

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Visualization of microglia in living tissues using Iba1-EGFP transgenic mice

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

The genetic causes of basal ganglia calcification, dementia, and bone cysts: DAP12 and TREM2.

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Characterizing gene sets with FuncAssociate

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Games played by rogue proteins in prion disorders and Alzheimer's disease

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREMs in the immune system and beyond

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Loss-of-function mutations in TYROBP (DAP12) result in a presenile dementia with bone cysts.

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Analysis of fractalkine receptor CX(3)CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Sall1 is a transcriptional regulator defining microglia identity and function.

10 July 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

TREM2 Haplodeficiency in Mice and Humans Impairs the Microglia Barrier Function Leading to Decreased Amyloid Compaction and Severe Axonal Dystrophy

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Regulation of human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by TREM-2.

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Distinct roles for BAI1 and TIM-4 in the engulfment of dying neurons by microglia

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

In vitro modulation of microglia motility by glioma cells is mediated by hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor

22 September 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=5494532

Cutting Edge: TREM-2 Attenuates Macrophage Activation

22 September 2018

1 reference

PubMed

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28483841

inferred from PubMed ID database lookup

12 December 2020

based on heuristic

Association study of TREM2 polymorphism rs75932628 with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Chinese Han population

1 reference

PubMed

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28483841

inferred from PubMed ID database lookup

12 December 2020

based on heuristic

Mouse microglial cells express a plasma membrane pore gated by extracellular ATP

1 reference

PubMed

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28483841

inferred from PubMed ID database lookup

12 December 2020

based on heuristic

Identifiers

DOI

10.15252/EMBR.201743922

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28483841%20AND%20SRC:MED&resulttype=core&format=json

19 March 2020

PubMed publication ID

28483841

1 reference