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This specification defines the authoring rules (author conformance requirements) for the use of Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.1 and Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA Module 1.0 attributes on [HTML] elements. This specification's primary objective is to define requirements for use with conformance checking tools used by authors (i.e., web developers). These requirements will aid authors in their development of web content, including custom interfaces/widgets, that makes use of ARIA to complement or extend the features of the host language [HTML].
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at https://www.w3.org/TR/.
ARIA in HTML is an [HTML] specification module. Any HTML features, conformance requirements, or terms that this specification module makes reference to, but does not explicitly define, are defined in the HTML specification.
This document was published by the Web Applications Working Group as a Working Draft. This document is intended to become a W3C Recommendation.
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Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership.
This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.
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This document is governed by the 15 September 2020 W3C Process Document.
This section is non-normative.
This section is non-normative.
The following uses a role=heading on a button element. This is
not allowed, because the button element has default characteristics
that conflict with the heading role.
<button role="heading">search</button>This section is non-normative.
The following uses a role=button on a button element. This is
unnecessary, as "button" is already exposed as the implicit role for
the element. In practice this redundancy will likely not have any
unforeseen side effects, other than unnecessarily making the markup
more verbose, and incorrectly signaling to other authors that this
practice is useful.
<!-- Avoid doing this! -->
<button role="button">...</button>
Similarly, the following uses a role=group on a fieldset element.
This is unnecessary, because the fieldset element is implicitly
exposed as a role=group. Again, in practice this will likely not
have any unforeseen side effects.
<!-- Avoid doing this! -->
<fieldset role="group">...</fieldset>
The following uses a role=list on an ul element. This is
generally unnecessary, because the ul element is implicitly exposed
as a role=list. However, some user agents suppress a list's
implicit ARIA semantics if list markers are removed. Authors can
use role=list to reinstate the role if necessary, though this
practice would generally not be recommended, otherwise.
<!-- Avoid doing this! -->
<ul role="list">...</ul>This section is non-normative.
The following uses a role=button on a summary element. This is
unnecessary and can result in cross-platform issues. For instance,
preventing the element from correctly exposing its state, and forcing
the role of button, when it might otherwise be exposed with a
different role.
<details>
<!-- Avoid doing this! -->
<summary role="button">more information</summary>
...
</details>The following table provides normative per-element document-conformance requirements for the use of ARIA markup in HTML documents and describes the implicit ARIA semantics that apply to HTML elements as defined in HTML AAM.
Each language feature (element) in a cell in the first column implies
the ARIA semantics (role, states, and properties) given in the cell in
the second column of the same row. The third cell in each row defines
the ARIA role values and aria-* attributes which MAY be used. Where
a cell in the third column includes the term
Any role it indicates that any role
value apart from the implicit ARIA semantics role value,
MAY be used. If a cell in the third column includes the term
No role it indicates that authors
MUST NOT overwrite the implicit ARIA semantics, or native semantics
of the HTML element.
While setting an ARIA role and/or aria-* attribute that matches the
implicit ARIA semantics is NOT RECOMMENDED, in some
situations explicitly setting these attributes can be helpful –
for instance, in user agents that don't expose specific implicit
ARIA semantics.
While it is conforming to use Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA Module 1.0 role values as outlined in the following table, the current support for exposing the semantics of these values to users of assistive technology is close to non-existent.
| HTML element |
Implicit ARIA semantics (explicitly assigning these in markup is NOT RECOMMENDED) |
ARIA roles, states and properties which MAY be used |
|---|---|---|
a with
href
|
role=link
|
Roles:
DPub Roles:
Global
It is NOT RECOMMENDED to use Note
If a link needs to be "disabled", remove the href attribute.
|
a without href
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
abbr
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
address
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
area with href
|
role=link
|
No
Global |
area without href
|
No corresponding role |
No Global |
article
|
role=article
|
Roles:
Global |
aside
|
role=complementary
|
Roles:
DPub Roles:
Global |
audio
|
No corresponding role |
Role:
Global |
| autonomous custom element |
Role exposed from author defined ElementInternals.
Otherwise no corresponding role.
|
If role defined by
Otherwise, any
Global |
b
|
No corresponding role |
Any role
Global |
base
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
bdi
|
No corresponding role |
Any role
Global |
bdo
|
No corresponding role |
Any role
Global |
blockquote
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
body
|
No corresponding role |
No
Global |
br
|
No corresponding role |
Roles:
Global |
button
|
role=button
|
Roles:
Global |
canvas
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
caption
|
No corresponding role |
No |
cite
|
No corresponding role |
Any role
Global |
code
|
No corresponding role |
Any role
Global |
col
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
colgroup
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
data
|
No corresponding role |
Any role
Global |
datalist
|
role=listbox
|
No
Global |
dd
|
role=definition
|
No
Global |
del
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
dfn
|
role=term
|
Any role
Global |
details
|
role=group
|
No
Global |
dialog
|
role=dialog
|
Role:
Global |
div
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
dl
|
No corresponding role |
Roles:
Global |
dt
|
role=term
|
Role:
Global |
em
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
embed
|
No corresponding role |
Roles:
Global |
fieldset
|
role=group
|
Roles:
Global |
figcaption
|
No corresponding role |
Roles:
Global |
figure
|
role=figure
|
If the
If the
Global |
footer
|
If not a descendant of an article, aside, main, nav
or section element, or an element with role=article, complementary,
main, navigation or region
then role=contentinfo.
Otherwise no corresponding role.
|
Roles:
DPub Roles:
Global |
form
|
If the form element has an
accessible name:
role=form.
Otherwise, no corresponding role.
|
Roles:
Global |
| form-associated custom element |
Role exposed from author defined ElementInternals.
Otherwise no corresponding role.
|
If role defined by Otherwise, form-related roles:
Global |
h1 to h6
|
role=heading,
aria-level = the number in the element's tag name.
|
Roles:
DPub Role:
Global |
head
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
header
|
If not a descendant of an article, aside, main,
nav or section element, or an element with role=article,
complementary, main, navigation
or region then role=banner.
Otherwise no corresponding role
|
Roles:
Global |
hgroup
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
hr
|
role=separator
|
Roles:
DPub Role:
Global |
html
|
role=document
|
No role or aria-* attributes
|
i
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
iframe
|
No corresponding role |
Roles:
Global |
img with alt="some text"
|
role=img
|
Roles:
DPub Role:
Global |
img with
alt=""
|
role=presentation
|
No role or aria-* attributes
except aria-hidden="true".
|
img without an alt attribute
|
role=img
|
If no accessible name is provided via other
Otherwise, if the |
input type=button
|
role=button
|
Roles:
Global |
input type=checkbox
|
|
Roles:
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Otherwise, any global Note
The HTML |
input type=color
|
No corresponding role |
No |
input type=date
|
No corresponding role |
No
Global |
input type=datetime-local
|
No corresponding role |
No
Global |
input type=email
with no list attribute
|
role=textbox
|
No
Global |
input type=file
|
No corresponding role |
No |
input type=image
|
role=button
|
Roles:
Global |
input type=month
|
No corresponding role |
No
Global |
input type=number
|
role=spinbutton
|
No
Global |
input type=password
|
No corresponding role |
No
Global |
input type=radio
|
role=radio
|
Role:
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Otherwise, any global Note
The HTML |
input type=range
|
role=slider
|
No
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Otherwise, any global |
input type=reset
|
role=button
|
No
Global |
input type=search,
with no list attribute
|
role=searchbox
|
No
Global |
input type=submit
|
role=button
|
No
Global |
input type=tel, with no list attribute
|
role=textbox
|
No
Global |
input type=text
or with a missing or invalid type, with no list attribute
|
role=textbox
|
Roles:
Global |
input type=text,
search,
tel,
url,
email,
or with a missing or invalid type, with a list attribute
|
role=combobox
|
No
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Otherwise, any
global |
input type=time
|
No corresponding role |
No
Global |
input type=url
with no
list attribute
|
role=textbox
|
No
Global |
input type=week
|
No corresponding role |
No
Global |
ins
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
kbd
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
label
|
No corresponding role |
No |
legend
|
No corresponding role |
No |
li
|
role=listitem
|
Roles:
DPub Roles:
Global |
link
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
main
|
role=main
|
No
Global |
map
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
math
|
role=math
|
No
Global |
mark
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
menu
|
role=list
|
Roles:
Global |
meta
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
meter
|
No corresponding role |
No
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Otherwise, any global |
nav
|
role=navigation
|
Roles:
DPub Roles:
Global |
noscript
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
object
|
No corresponding role |
Roles:
Global |
ol
|
role=list
|
Roles:
Global |
optgroup
|
role=group
|
No
Global |
option element that is in a list of options or that
represents a suggestion in a datalist
|
role=option
|
No
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Global |
output
|
role=status
|
Global |
p
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
param
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
picture
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
pre
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
progress
|
role=progressbar
|
No
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Otherwise, any global |
q
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
rp
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
rt
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
ruby
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
s
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
samp
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
script
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
section
|
role=region if the
section element has an accessible name. Otherwise, no corresponding role.
|
Roles:
DPub Roles:
Global |
select (with NO multiple attribute and NO size
attribute having value greater than 1)
|
role=combobox
|
Role: Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Otherwise, any global |
select (with a multiple attribute or a size attribute
having value greater than 1)
|
role=listbox
|
No Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Otherwise, any global |
slot
|
No corresponding role | No role or aria-* attributes |
small
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
source
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
span
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
strong
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
style
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
SVG
|
role=graphics-document as defined by
SVG AAM
|
Global |
sub
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
summary
|
role=button
|
No
Global |
sup
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
table
|
role=table
|
Global |
tbody
|
role=rowgroup
|
Global |
template
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
textarea
|
role=textbox
|
No
Global |
tfoot
|
role=rowgroup
|
Global |
thead
|
role=rowgroup
|
Global |
time
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
title
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
td
|
No corresponding role if the ancestor |
No
Global |
th
|
No corresponding role if the ancestor |
No
Global |
tr
|
role=row
|
No
Global |
track
|
No corresponding role |
No role or aria-* attributes
|
u
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
ul
|
role=list
|
Roles:
Global |
var
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
video
|
No corresponding role |
Role:
Global |
wbr
|
No corresponding role |
Global |
The elements marked with No corresponding role, in the
second column of the table do not have any implicit ARIA semantics,
but they do have meaning and this meaning may be
represented in roles, states and properties not provided by ARIA, and
exposed to users of assistive technology via accessibility APIs. It is
therefore recommended that authors add a role attribute to a
semantically neutral element such as a div or span, rather than
overriding the semantics of the listed elements.
Authors are encouraged to make use of the following documents for guidance on using ARIA in HTML beyond that which is provided here:
Unless otherwise stated, authors MAY use aria-* attributes in place of their HTML equivalents on HTML elements where the aria-* semantics would be expected. For example, authors MAY use aria-disabled=true on a button element, rather than the disabled attribute. However, authors SHOULD NOT use both the native HTML attribute and the aria-* attribute together, and MUST NOT use the these features together when their values are in opposition to each other. As stated in
WAI-ARIA's Conflicts with Host Language Semantics,
user agents MUST ignore WAI-ARIA attributes and use the host language
(HTML) attribute with the same implicit ARIA semantics.
The following table represents HTML elements and their attributes which have aria-* attribute parity.
Each language feature (element and attribute) in a cell in the first
column implies the ARIA semantics (states, and properties) given in
the cell in the second column of the same row. The third cell in each
row defines how authors can use the native HTML feature, along with
requirements for using the aria-* attributes that supply the same
implicit ARIA semantics.
| HTML feature |
Implicit ARIA semantics |
HTML feature and aria-* attribute author guidance
|
|---|---|---|
Any element where the checked attribute is allowed
|
aria-checked="true"
|
Use the
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Authors MAY use the |
Any element where the disabled
attribute is allowed, including
option disabled and
optgroup disabled
|
aria-disabled="true"
|
Use the
Authors MAY use the
Authors SHOULD NOT use
Authors MUST NOT use |
Any element where the placeholder attribute is allowed
|
aria-placeholder="..."
|
Use the
Authors MAY use the
Authors MUST NOT use the |
Any element where the max attribute is allowed: meter max, progress max, and input max
|
aria-valuemax="..."
|
Use the
Authors MAY use the
Authors SHOULD NOT use
Authors MUST NOT use |
Any element where the min attribute is allowed: meter min and input min
|
aria-valuemin="..."
|
Use the
Authors MAY use the
Authors SHOULD NOT use
Authors MUST NOT use |
Any element which allows the readonly attribute:
input readonly, textarea readonly and form-associated custom element which allows the readonly
|
aria-readonly="true"
|
Use the
Authors MAY use the
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Authors MUST NOT use |
|
Element with Note
This is equivalent to the |
aria-readonly="false"
|
Authors MUST NOT set aria-readonly="true" on an element that has isContentEditable="true".
|
Any element where the required attribute is allowed: input required, textarea required, and select required
|
aria-required="true"
|
Use the
Authors MAY use the
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Authors MUST NOT use |
Any element where the colspan attribute is allowed: td and th
|
aria-colspan="..."
|
Use the
Authors MAY use the
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Authors MUST NOT use |
Any element where the rowspan attribute is allowed:
td and th
|
aria-rowspan="..."
|
Use the
Authors MAY use the
Authors SHOULD NOT use the
Authors MUST NOT use |
Authors MUST use lowercase ASCII
letters for all role token values and any state or property
attributes (aria-*) whose values are defined as tokens.
This section is non-normative.
The following table maps (and extends) the Kinds of content and allowed descendant
information (defined in the
[HTML] specification) to elements that have an equivalent role.
Column 1 links to the normative Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.1 definitions for each ARIA role.
Column 2 identifies the Kinds of content
categories each role has when it is used on an HTML element.
Column 3 indicates what kinds of HTML elements can be descendants of
an element with an explicit role specified, often matching the HTML element with
the same implicit role.
For example, a button element has an implicit role=button.
In HTML a button element allows phrasing content as descendants, and does not allow interactive content
or descendants with a tabindex attribute. Therefore, any elements specified with a role=button would follow
the same descendant restrictions, and not allow any interactive content descendants,
elements with a tabindex specified, or any elements with role values
that are in the interactive content category (identified in column 3).
<!-- conformance checkers will report an error -->
<button>
<div role="button">...</div>
</button>
<div role="button">
<button>...</button>
</div>
<div role="link">
<textarea>...</textarea>
</div>Additionally, there are certain roles which Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.1 has specified specific requirements for their allowed descendants. These have been identified in column 3 by indicating to "Refer to the 'Required Owned Elements'" for those particular roles.
| Role | Kind of content | Descendant allowances |
|---|---|---|
alert
|
Flow content | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
alertdialog
|
Flow content | Flow content |
application
|
Flow content | Flow content |
article
|
Flow content but with no main element descendants. | |
banner
|
Flow content but with no main, header, or footer element descendants. | |
button
|
Phrasing content, but there must be no
interactive content descendants, and no descendants with a tabindex attribute specified.
|
|
cell
|
N/A | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
checkbox
|
Phrasing content, but there must be no
interactive content descendants, and no descendants with a tabindex attribute specified.
|
|
columnheader
|
N/A | Flow content but with no main, header, or footer element descendants. |
combobox
|
Flow content but with no main element descendants. | |
complementary
|
Flow content but with no main element descendants. | |
contentinfo
|
Flow content but with no main, header, or footer element descendants. | |
definition
|
Phrasing content | |
dialog
|
Flow content | Flow content |
directory
|
Flow content | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
document
|
Flow content | Flow content |
feed
|
Flow content | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
figure
|
Flow content but with no main element descendants. | |
form
|
Flow content, but with no form element descendants.
|
|
grid
|
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA grid role.
|
|
gridcell
|
Interactive content | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
group
|
Flow content | |
heading
|
Flow content but with no main element, heading content, sectioning content, or sectioning roots descendants. | |
img
|
Phrasing content, but with no interactive content descendants. | |
link
|
Flow content, there must be no interactive content descendants, and no descendants with a tabindex attribute specified.
|
|
list
|
Flow content |
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA list role.
|
listbox
|
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA listbox role.
|
|
listitem
|
N/A | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
log
|
Flow content | Flow content, but with no main element descendants. |
main
|
Flow content | Flow content, but with no main element descendants. |
marquee
|
Flow content | Flow content, but with no main element descendants. |
math
|
Flow content | Flow content |
menu
|
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA menu role.
|
|
menubar
|
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA menubar role.
|
|
menuitem
|
Interactive content |
Phrasing content, but with no
interactive content descendants, and no descendants with a tabindex attribute specified.
|
menuitemcheckbox
|
Interactive content |
Phrasing content, but with no
interactive content descendants, and no descendants with a tabindex attribute specified.
|
menuitemradio
|
Interactive content |
Phrasing content, but with no
interactive content descendants, and no descendants with a tabindex attribute specified.
|
navigation
|
Flow content, but with no main element descendants. | |
none
|
N/A | Transparent |
note
|
Flow content | Flow content, but with no main element descendants. |
option
|
Interactive content |
Phrasing content, but with no
interactive content descendants, and no descendants with a tabindex attribute specified.
|
presentation
|
N/A | Transparent |
progressbar
|
Phrasing content, but with no progress element descendants. | |
radio
|
Phrasing content, but with no
interactive content descendants, and no descendants with a tabindex attribute specified.
|
|
radiogroup
|
Flow content | |
region
|
Flow content, but with no main element descendants. | |
row
|
N/A |
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA row role.
|
rowgroup
|
N/A |
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA rowgroup role.
|
rowheader
|
N/A | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
scrollbar
|
Interactive content | Phrasing content |
search
|
Flow content but with no main element descendants. | |
searchbox
|
Flow content but with no main element descendants. | |
separator
|
Interactive content (if focusable) | Phrasing content |
slider
|
Phrasing content | |
spinbutton
|
Flow content but with no main element descendants. | |
status
|
Flow content | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
switch
|
Phrasing content, but with no
interactive content descendants, and no descendants with a tabindex attribute specified.
|
|
tab
|
Interactive content |
Phrasing content, but with no
interactive content descendants, and no descendants with a tabindex attribute specified.
|
table
|
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA table role.
|
|
tablist
|
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA tablist role.
|
|
tabpanel
|
Flow content | Flow content |
term
|
Phrasing content | Phrasing content |
textbox
|
Interactive content | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
timer
|
Flow content | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
toolbar
|
Flow content | Flow content but with no main element descendants. |
tooltip
|
Flow content | Phrasing content |
tree
|
Flow content |
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA tree role.
|
treegrid
|
Flow content |
Refer to the "Required Owned Elements" as defined for the ARIA treegrid role.
|
treeitem
|
Interactive content | Phrasing content |
As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.
The key words MAY, MUST, MUST NOT, NOT RECOMMENDED, SHOULD, and SHOULD NOT in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.
Conformance checkers that claim support for checking ARIA in HTML documents
MUST implement checks for the conformance requirements for use of the ARIA role
and aria-* attributes on HTML elements as defined in this specification.
A conforming document MUST NOT contain any elements with author defined role
or aria-* attributes with values other than those which, per this specification,
authors MAY use on each HTML element in § 3.
Document conformance requirements for use of ARIA attributes in HTML.
Conformance checkers SHOULD flag instances where authors are explicitly providing
an element with a role which matches its
implicit ARIA semantics as failures,
as it is NOT RECOMMENDED for authors to explicitly set these roles.
A conformance checker MAY define their own terminology, and level or levels of severity, when surfacing document failures to conform to this specification.
This section is non-normative.
This specification does not define the features of [wai-aria-1.1], [dpub-aria-1.0] or [HTML]. Rather it provides rules and guidance for conformance checkers that claim support for checking ARIA in HTML, as well as providing guidance to authors.
Therefore, there are no known privacy or security impacts of this specification, as it defines no new features to introduce potential concern.
This section is non-normative.
The following are some significant changes that were made since last wide review:
nav element.
Adds menu, menubar and tablist as allowed roles
aria-* attributes in HTML.
Specifically, clarifies or specifies guidance for use of aria-checked, aria-disabled, aria-hidden, aria-placeholder, aria-valuemax, aria-valuemin, aria-readonly, aria-required, aria-colspan, aria-rowspan, aria-invalid
svg
aria-disabled not recommended on a with href
img with alt=""
figure element
img alt="some text"
role=button on summary element.
Adding role=button without also re-implementing aria-expanded breaks the implicit mapping of the element.
br element. Allows role=presentation or none
role=doc-epigraph on section element
role=doc-dedication on aside element
menu and autonomous custom element
role=note on section element
role=radiogroup on fieldset element
hgroup, a with and without href, input type=datetime-local, slot, i, rp, img with no alt and removes elements not part of the HTML Living Standard
data element
role=none and presentation on iframe element
role=combobox and spinbutton on input type=text
abbr element
role=none on any element that allows role=presentation, Add to hr element. Add to ul element
a with href, aside, dl, footer, h1-h6, header, li, nav, and section elements
Referenced in:
Referenced in: