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Need of A/c Ratios Meaning And Its Classification Liquidity Ratios Activity Or Turnover Ratios Solvency Ratios Profitability Ratios Leverage Ratio Limitation Of Accounting Ratios

Ratio analysis is a good way to evaluate the financial results of your business in order to gauge its performance. Ratios allow you to compare your business against different standards using the figures on your balance sheet. Accounting ratios can offer an invaluable insight into a business' performance. Ensure that the information used for comparison is accurate - otherwise the results will be misleading. which help you to interpret financial information about your company. The more you know about how your business is performing, the easier it will be for you to make informed decisions about how to manage and grow your business.

A way of expressing the relationship between one accounting result and another, which is intended to provide a useful comparison. Accounting ratios assist in measuring the efficiency and profitability of a company based on its financial reports. Accounting ratios form the basis of fundamental analysis.

Explanation: An accounting ratio compares two aspects of a financial statement, such as the relationship (or ratio) of current assets to current liabilities. The ratios can be used to evaluate the financial condition of a company, including the company's strengths and weaknesses. An example of an accounting ratio is the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of a stock. This measures the price paid per share in relation to the profit earned by the company per share in a given year.

Liquidity Ratios Solvency ratios

Accounting Ratios

Profitability Ratios Activity Or Turnover Ratios Leverage Ratios

Liquidity Ratio
Stock turnover ratio

Turnover Ratio
Debtors turnover ratio Creditors turnover ratio

Current Ratio

Quick Ratio

Working capital turnover ratio

Solvency Ratio Debt equity ratio Gross profit ratio

Profitabil ity Ratios Net profit ratio Operatin g profit ratio

Return on investment ratio

Proprietar y ratio

The term liquidity refers to the ability of the company to meet its current liabilities. Liquidity ratios assess capacity of the firm to repay its short term liabilities. Thus, liquidity ratios measure the firms ability to fulfill short term commitments out of its liquid assets. The important liquidity ratios are.
(I) Current ratio (ii) Quick ratio

(I) Current ratio

Current ratio is a ratio between current assets and current liabilities of a firm for a particular period. This ratio establishes a relationship between current assets and current liabilities.

Current Assets are those assets which can be converted into cash within a short period i.e. not exceeding one year. It includes the following :Cash in hand, Cash at Bank, Bill receivables, Short term investment, Sundry debtors, Stock, Prepaid expenses Current liabilities are those liabilities which are expected to be paid within a year. It includes the following : Bill payables, Sundry creditors, Bank overdraft, Provision for tax, Outstanding expenses. Thus, the ideal current ratio of a company is 2 : 1 i.e. to repay current liabilities, there should be twice current assets. (ii) Quick ratio Quick ratio is also known as Acid test or Liquid ratio. This ratio establishes a relationship between quick assets and current liabilities. This ratio measures the ability of the firm to pay its current liabilities.

For the purpose of calculating this ratio, stock and prepaid expenses are not taken into account as these may not be converted into cash in a very short period.

liquid assets = current assets (stock + prepaid expenses) Significance Quick ratio is a measure of the instant debt paying capacity of the business enterprise. A quick ratio of1 : 1 is considered good/favorable for a company.

SOLVENCY RATIOS
The term solvency refers to the ability of a concern to meet its long term obligations. The term solvency refers to the ability of a concern to meet its long term obligations.

a) Debt-equity ratio
It is also otherwise known as external to internal equity ratio. It is calculated to know the relative claims of outsiders and the owners against the firms assets. This ratio establishes the relationship between the outsiders funds and the shareholders fund.

The outsiders funds include all debts/liabilities to outsiders i.e. debentures, long term loans from financial institutions, etc. Shareholders funds mean preference share capital, equity share capital, reserves and surplus and fictitious assets like preliminary expenses. In India, this ratio may be taken as acceptable if it is 2 : 1. If the debt-equity ratio is more than that, it shows a rather risky financial position from the long term point of view.

b)Proprietary ratio
It is also known as equity ratio. This ratio establishes the relationship between shareholders funds to total assets of the firm. The shareholders fund is the sum of equity share capital, preference share capital, reserves and surpluses. Out of this amount, accumulated losses should be deducted. On the other hand, the total assets mean total resources of the concern.

A ratio below 50% may be alarming for the creditors since they may have to lose heavily in the event of companys liquidation on account of heavy losses.

PROFITABILITY RATIOS
The main aim of an enterprise is to earn profit which is necessary for the survival and growth of the business enterprise. It is necessary to know how much profit has been earned with the help of the amount invested in the business. This is possible through profitability ratio.

(i) Gross profit ratio

It expresses the relationship of gross profit to net sales. It is expressed in percentage.

where Net sales = Total sales (sales returns + excise duty) Gross profit = Net sales Cost of goods sold. A high gross profit ratio is a great satisfaction to the management. It represents the low cost of goods sold. Higher the rate of gross profit, lower the cost of goods sold.

(ii) Net profit ratio

A ratio of net profit to sales is called Net profit ratio. It indicates sales margin on sales. This is expressed as a percentage. The main objective of calculating this ratio is to determine the overall profitability.

Net profit ratio determines overall efficiency of the business. It indicates the extent to which management has been effective in reducing the operational expenses. Higher the net profit ratio, better it is for the business.

(iii) Operating profit ratio

Operating profit is an indicator of operational efficiencies. It reveals only overall efficiency. It establishes relationship between operating profit and net sales. This ratio is expressed as a percentage.

Operating Profit = Gross Profit (Administration expenses + selling expenses) It helps in examining the overall efficiency of the business. It measures profitability and soundness of the business. Higher the ratio, the better is the profitability of the business. This ratio is also helpful in controlling cash.

(iv) Return on investment ratio (ROI)

ROI is the basic profitability ratio. This ratio establishes relationship between net profit (before interest, tax and dividend) and capital employed. The term investment here refers to long-term funds invested in business.
where Capital employed = Equity share capital + preference share capital+ Reserve and surplus + long term liabilities fictitious assets Non trading investment. Or Capital employed = (Fixed asset depreciation) + (Current Asset Current liabilities) Or Capital employed = (Fixed Assets Depreciation) + (Working capital) it is calculated as

If net profit after interest, tax and dividend is given, the amount of interest, tax and dividend should be added back to calculate the net profit before interest, tax and dividend.

Significance
ROI ratio judges the overall performance of the concern. It measures how efficiently the sources of the business are being used. In other words, it tells what is the earning capacity of the net assets of the business. Higher the ratio the more efficient is the management and utilization of capital employed.

ACTIVITY OR TURNOVER RATIOS

Activity ratios measure the efficiency or effectiveness with which a firm manages its resources. These ratios are also called turnover ratios because they indicate the speed at which assets are converted or turned over in sales.

i) Stock turnover ratio

Stock turnover ratio is a ratio between cost of goods sold and the average stock or inventory. Every firm has to maintain a certain level of inventory of finished goods. But the level of inventory should neither be too high nor too low. It evaluates the efficiency with which a firm is able to manage its inventory.
Stock Turnover Ratio =(Cost of goods Sold/Average Stock) Cost of goods sold = (Opening stock + Purchases+ Direct expenses Closing Stock ) OR Cost of goods sold = Sales Gross Profit Average stock =(Opening stock + Closing stock)/2

(i) If cost of goods sold is not given, the ratio is calculated from the sales. (ii) If only closing stock is given, then that may be treated as average stock.

Note: (i) If cost of goods sold is not given, the ratio is calculated from the sales. (ii) If only closing stock is given, then that may be treated as average stock.

Inventory/stock conversion period

Significance

It may also be of interest to see average time taken for clearing the stocks. This can be possible by calculating inventory conversion period. This period is calculated by dividing the number of days by inventory turnover. Inventory conversion period = (Days in a Year/Inventory turnover ratio
The ratio signifies the number of times on an average the inventory or stock is disposed off during the period. The high ratio indicates efficiency and the low ratio indicates inefficiency of stock management.

b) Debtors Turnover ratio

This ratio establishes a relationship between net credit sales and average account receivables i.e. average trade debtors and bill receivables. The objective of computing this ratio is to determine the efficiency with which the trade debtors are managed. This ratio is also known as Ratio of Net Sales to average receivables. It is calculated as under
Debtors Turnover Ratio =(Net credit annual sales/Average debtors) Average debtors =(Opening Debtors + Closing Debtors)/2 Note : If opening debtors are not available then closing debtors and bills receivable are taken as average debtors

Debt collection period

Debt collection period = (Net credit sales for the year/ Number of days in the year) This period refers to an average period for which the credit sales remain unpaid and measures the quality of debtors. Quality of debtors means payment made by debtors within the permissible credit period. It indicates the rapidity at which the money is collected from debtors. This period may be calculated as under :

Significance
Debtors turnover ratio is an indication of the speed with which a company collects its debts. The higher the ratio, the better it is because it indicates that debts are being collected quickly. In general, a high ratio indicates the shorter collection period which implies prompt payment by debtor and a low ratio indicates a longer collection period which implies delayed payment for debtors.

c) Creditors Turnover Ratio

It is a ratio between net credit purchases and average account payables (i.e. creditors and Bill payables). In the course of business operations, a firm has to make credit purchases. Thus a supplier of goods will be interested in finding out how much time the firm is likely to take in repaying the trade creditors. This ratio helps in finding out the exact time a firm is likely to take in repaying to its trade creditors. This ratio establishes a relationship between credit purchases and average trade creditors and bill payables and is calculated as under

Significance
Creditors turnover ratio helps in judging the efficiency in getting the benefit of credit purchases offered by suppliers of goods. A high ratio indicates the shorter payment period and a low ratio indicates a longer payment period.

Debt payment period

This period shows an average period for which the credit purchases remain unpaid or the average credit period actually availed of Debt payment period = (12 months or 52 weeks or 365 days /Creditors turnover ratio) Note : Average net credit purchases per day in the year =(Net Credit Purchases for the year)/(No. of working days in the year)

d) Working Capital Turnover Ratio

Working capital of a concern is directly related to sales. The current assets like debtors, bill receivables, cash, stock etc, change with the increase or decrease in sales. Working capital = Current Assets Current Liabilities Working capital turnover ratio indicates the speed at which the working capital is utilized for business operations. It is the velocity of working capital ratio that indicates the number of times the working capital is turned over in the course of a year. This ratio measures the efficiency at which the working capital is being used by a firm. A higher ratio indicates efficient utilization of working capital and a low ratio indicates the working capital is not properly utilized.

Working Capital Turnover Ratio =(Cost of sales/working capital)

Average working capital =(Opening working capital +Closing working capital)/2

If the figure of cost of sales is not given, then the figure of sales can be used. On the other hand if opening working capital is not discussed then working capital at the year end will be used.

LEVERAGE RATIO

Leverage ratio is otherwise known as capital structure ratio. The term capital structure refers to the relationship between various long term forms of financing such as debentures (long term), preference share capital and equity share capital including reserves and surpluses. Financing the firms assets is a very crucial problem in every business and as a rule there should be a proper mix of debt and equity capital in financing the firms assets. Leverage or capital structure ratios are calculated to test the long term financial position of a firm.

Capital gearing ratio

The capital gearing ratio is described as the relationship between equity share capital including reserves and surpluses to preference share capital and other fixed interest bearing loans. If preference share capital and other fixed interest bearing loans exceed the equity share capital including reserves, the firm is said to be highly geared. The firm is said to be low geared if preference share capital and other fixed interest bearing loans are less than equity capital and reserves.

Significance
Gearing should be kept in such a way that the company is able to maintain a steady rate of dividend. High gearing ratio is not good for a new company or a company of which future earnings are uncertain.

LIMITATION OF ACCOUNTING RATIOS

Accounting ratios are very significant in analyzing the financial statements. Through accounting ratios, it will be easy to know the true financial position and financial soundness of a business concern. However, despite the advantages of ratio analysis, it suffers from a number of disadvantages. The following are the main limitations of accounting ratios. Ignorance of qualitative aspect The ratio analysis is based on quantitative aspect. It totally ignores qualitative aspect which is sometimes more important than quantitative aspect. Ignorance of price level changes Price level changes make the comparison of figures difficult over a period of time. Before any comparison is made, proper adjustments for price level changes must be made.

No single concept
In order to calculate any ratio, different firms may take different concepts for different purposes. Some firms take profit before charging interest and tax or profit before tax but after interest tax. This may lead to different results.

Misleading results if based on incorrect accounting data

Ratios are based on accounting data. They can be useful only when they are based on reliable data. If the data are not reliable, the ratio will be unreliable.

No single standard ratio for comparison

There is no single standard ratio which is universally accepted and against which a comparison can be made. Standards may differ from Industry to industry.

Difficulties in forecasting
Ratios are worked out on the basis of past results. As such they do not reflect the present and future position. It may not be desirable to use them for forecasting future events.