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UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALKOT

COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, MUDIGERE - 577132

SEMINAR

IMPORTANCE OF CURATIVE PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS

Arif
UHS10PGM118 Sr. M.Sc.(Hort.) Dept. of Plantation Spices Medicinal & Aromatic Crops
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TOPIC DIVISION
INTRODUCTION

CHEMISTRY OF ESSENTIAL OIL

MODE OF ACTION

CURATIVE PROPERTIES
Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral Others

UNDESIRED EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL

CONCLUSION
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Essential Oil
Essential oils or ethereal oils are volatile organic compounds extracted from the plants. In soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Obtained either by hydro distillation or solvent extraction

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 Essential oils are used worldwide for stress, tension, depression, migraine, insomnia, constipation, blood pressure and many other ailments.

It stimulates and increases the oxygen content of the cells thus increases the fundamental balance of the immune system and rejuvinates it.
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 Ayurvedic techniques of healing by making use of value added products and modern treatment equipments.
The latest available techniques and skin care material help to prepare the skin for best effect of essential oils. So use of essential oils today help in healing from within and without, working in two distinct ways, a) absorption of essential oils by skin. b) aromas working on hypothalamus.
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Chemistry of Essential Oils

Physical properties. optical activity isomerism Chemical properties. atomic weight atomic mass Volume per gram. Ideal storage temperature. Volatability of the oil.
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Table: 1 Chemistry of Essential Oils. SI. Biochemical No family 1. 2. 3. 4. Terpenes Alcohols Phenols Aldehydes Medicinal property

Shirley and Len (2000) Example

5.
6. 7. 8.

Ketones
Easters Oxides
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Analgesic, Expectorant, Stimulating, Anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic Anti-infective, Bactericidal, Antiviral, and Stimulating Bactericidal, Stimulate nervous and immune system and antidepressant Antiviral, Anti-inflammatory, calming, vasodilators and antipyretic Sedative, Analgesic, digestant, Antiinflammatory, expectorant Antifungal, antispasmodic, relaxant tonic

Linalool, Geraniol Patchoulinol Carvacrol, Methyl chavicol Citral, cinamic aldehyde Laevocarvone Linalyl acetate

Lactones

Expectorant, mucolytic, blood circulation 1, 8-cineole activators Mucolytic and expectorant Jasmone

Mode of Action of Essential Oil

Essential oils follow three main pathways to gain entry to the body. Absorption through skin Through oral intake Olfaction through nasal passage.
Shirley and Len (2000)

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Mode of action of Essential oils SKIN Massage oils, lotions, perfumes, skincare products

PLANT VOLATILE OIL

ORAL INTAKE Capsules, drops, foods and gargles

NOSE Vaporized oils sprays and inhalations Electroch emical signals Limbic system Cortex Hypothalamus

Digestive tract

Mucus membrane

Circulation
All organs, Joints, Systems Stomach Kidney Lung

Intestine

Intestine Endocrine System Nervous System

10

6/4/2012 Shirley and Len (2000)

EXIT

Role of Essential Oils in Balancing Immune System

Immune system of an organism will depend on balance between emotional and mental spheres. Assimilation and elimination are interlinked to immunity which depend on two factors, A. Adaptation power of the organism to environment in which it is living. B. Strength to reject the external toxic to the environment.

Xavier and Gobe (2000)

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The unique future of the essential oils

Pass easily through our skin and the cell membranes. Diffuse through the entire body within half an hour. Go directly to the brain through olfactory bulb. Affect our feelings and thoughts because smell is our most emotional sense. Perform multiple functions because of their structural complexity.

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12

Table: 2 Therapeutic properties of Essential Oils.

SI. No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Shirely and Len (2000)

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11.
12. 13. 14. 15.

Property Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral Analgesic Antiinflammatory Antidepressant Cardio tonic Deodorant Digestant Diuretic Hormone like Hyper tensor Hypo tensor Immunity Rheumatism 6/4/2012

Essential oil bearing plants Pepper mint, Lavender, Basil, Rosemary Eucalyptus, Thyme, Chamomile, Geranium Eucalyptus, Pepper mint, Basil, Cinnamon Citrus spp, Chamomile, Ginger, Coriander Lavender, Chamomile, Coriander, Geranium
Lavender, Citrus spp, Geranium Lavender, Basil, Rosemary, Fennel Patchouli, Lemongrass, Salvia Thyme, Coriander, Basil, Rosemary Rosemary, Thyme, vetiver Fennel, Geranium, Sage, Rosemary Lavender, Pepper mint, Basil Rosemary, Lavender, Marjoram Nutmeg, Patchouli, Thyme Coriander, Geranium, Lemongrass

13

16.

ANTIBACTERIAL

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Table: 3 Antibacterial activities of volatile oils of some Aromatic Plants

Singh et.al. (2005)

A Cornybacterium tuberculae B Staphylococcus aurius C Streptococcus haemolyticus D Pseudomonas aeruginosa E Escherichia coli F Klebsiella species --- No Activity

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15

Table: 3 Antibacterial activities of volatile oils of some Aromatic SI. Substrate Dilution oil: Amount of Zone of inhibition (mm) Plants
No. 1. Alpinia carinata Gingiber officinale Lippia alba DMSO Pure oil 1:50 1:100 Pure oil 1:50 1:100 Pure oil 1:50 1:1oo Pure oil 1:50 1:100 Pure oil 1:50 1:100 substrate/disc mg 4.45 0.45 0.22 4.54 0.45 0.22 4.55 0.45 0.22 4.55 0.45 0.22 4.84 0.48 0.24 10 06 10

A
18 16 12 12 19 10 21 16 10 24 -

B
18 13 14 12 12 18 16 7 23 17 12 18 20

C
21 14 10 18 16 12 32 21 18 17 11 30 24 16 28 17

D
18 12 08 20 17 15 18 14 11 15 10 22 16 12 -

E
28 16 09 29 24 08 30 17 11 19 13 25 24

F
18 13 11 14 08 19 14 10 17 11 08 17 13 11 20 16 23

2.

3.

4.

Lantana camara Hyptis suaveoleans Gentamycine Pencillin-G 6/4/2012 Norfloxacin

5.

6. 7. 8.

Singh et.al. (2005)

Table: 4 Antibacterial activity of the leaf oil from Curcuma longa Chowdhury et.al. (2005)
Sl.N o Organism
2 5 Inhibition Zone (mm) Oil Concentration (l/disc) 10 15 20 Amphicillin 20 g/disc

1 2

Bascillus subtillus

14

15

16

18

21

25

Bascillus cereus
Bascillus megaterium E-coli Vibrio cholerae Pseudomonas aeroginosa Shigella dysenteriae Shigella sonnei

13
13 12 15 16 22 12 12 25

15
15 14 19 18 24 14 15 28

17
16 15 22 22 28 16 20 29

18
18 27 25 25 31 29 20 32

23
23 32 31 30 32 31 25 33

22
22 13 16 30 30 20 30
17

3
4 5 6 7 8 9

Staphylococcus aurius 6/4/2012 Salmonella typhi 10

Table: 5 Antibacterial activities of essential oils of palmarosa, anise and vetiver and their dilutions. (Zone of inhibition in mm). Gangrade et.al. (1990)
Sl.No. 1 Oil: DMSO Palmarosa oil Aniseed oil Vetiver oil Standards 100 units/100 ml Penicillin 28 Streptomycin 30

Staphylococcus aurius 1:0 (pure 16 oil) 1:10 11 1:100 10 1:1000 8 1:10000 0 Streptococcus pyogens 1:0 (pure 13 oil) 1:10 12 1:100 9 1:1000 8 6/4/2012 1:10000 7

13 13 10 8 8 14 12 10 7 0

20 16 15 12 9 13 12 9 7 7

25

25

18

Sl.No

Oil: DMSO

Palmarosa oil

Aniseed oil Vetiver oil

Standards 100 units/100 ml Penicillin Streptomycin

Escherichia coli

1:0 (pure oil) 1:10 1:100 1:1000 1:10000

4

7 7 0 0 0

9 9 8 7 0

8 7 0 0 0

19

20

Cornybacterium ovis 1:0 (pure oil) 1:10 1:100 1:1000 1:10000

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14 12 12 8 8

14 12 12 10 10

10 8 8 7 0

30

30

19

Table: 6 Inhibitory properties of Summer savoury essential oil and its constituents (inhibition zone diameter in mm). Deans et al., (1998)

ES: Early season MS: Middle season LS: Late season Concentration of oil constituents: 10mg each

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Table: 6 Inhibitory properties of Summer savoury essential oil and its constituents (inhibition zone diameter in mm). Deans et al., (1998)
Oil constituents Carvacrol 1,8-cineole p-cymene Escherichia coli 24.0 14.0 9.5 Pseudomonas aeroginosa 27.0 10.0 10.5 Salmonella pullorum 26.5 13.5 9.0 Staphylococcus aurius 24.5 17.0 12.0 Yersinia enterocolitica 25.0 15.0 13.0

Eugenol
b-humulene Linalool -pinene Alfa-terpineol Thymol ES (pure oil) MS (pure oil) LS (pure oil)
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18.0
10.5 10.5 13.0 14.5 21.5 8.5 13.5 8.5

15.5
13.0 7.5 11.5 13.5 25.0 10.5 13.5 12.0

21.0
14.5 9.5 12.0 9.0 23.0 11.0 14.0 11.5

22.5
9.5 12.0 7.5 14.5 21.5 7.0 11.5 9.5

21.0
14.0 9.0 9.5 10.0 22.0 6.5 12.0 8.0
21

Table: 7 Microbicidal potential of essential oils of Ocimmum adscendens.

Essential oil and standard Diluti on (Aceto Bacil ne) lus subtil is Zone of inhibition in mm B. megateriu m E. coli Staph yloco ccus aureu s 22 19 16 35 Prot eus vulg aris Xant Aspergi Rhizo Colletotr hom llus pus ichum onas niger oryzae musae cam pestr is 26 20 18 53 25 20 16 25 17 16 53 38 20 -

Ocimmu m adscedens Gentamy cin Sulphate 40 mg/ml systain

1:0 1:1 1:2 -

22 17 16 48

22 18 16 45

16 16 16 29

20 17 16 28

38

31

30

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John etal., (1999)

22

Table: 8 Antibacterial activities of Allspice and Clove oil.

SI NO Organism Tested 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pesudomonas species Coagulase (+)ve Staphylococcus Coagulase (-)ve Staphylococcus Eschirichia coli Curobactor diversus Curobactor peundil Proteus mirasilis klebsiella Enterobacter Number of strains 16 16 16 23 2 1 2 21 1 Zone Diameter (mm) A B C 27 21 17 19 29 15 17 25 23 21 12 21 26 13 15 21 27 23 14 20 23 15 14 18 21 16 17 D 20 14 18 16 12 16 24 19 16

A: Allspice oil (5ml) C: Penicillin (1.5 U) B: Clove oil (5ml) D: Gentamicin (10mg)
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Rao et.al., (2001) 23

Table: 9 Antibacterial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species against bacteria causing inflammation of gums. Chandrashekar and Joshi (2004) A: Cymbopogon citrates B: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Citral chemo type) C: Cymbopogon nardus D: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Geraniol chemo type) E: Meteronidazole Solution (1000 ppm) R: Resistant

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Table: 9 Antibacterial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species against bacteria causing inflammation of gums.
SI No 1 Organism Strains tested Prophyromon a as gingivalis b c Prevotella a intermedia b c Beta-a litomicron b c Bacteroides a fragilis b c Inhibition zone (mm) A B C 26 24 24 25 22 20 26 22 23 22 21 20 21 19 18 30 25 24 R 15 R R 15 R R 14 R R 16 11 R 20 10 R 20 10 D 28 25 28 22 21 27 17 13 15 21 18 18 E 30 24 28 22 25 27 20 22 25 25 30 30

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Chandrashekar and Joshi (2004) 25

Table: 10 Antibacterial activity of essential oil of Eletteria cardamomum.

SI No Microorganism Zone of inhibition (mm) Pure oil 1:50 1:100 (5ml)
Gram positive

1:1000

Streptopencillin (1000ppm)

1 2 3

Bacillus subtillis Corynbacyterium diphtheriae Staphylococcus aurius Escherichia coli Salmonella typhi

20 17 19

18 16 16

15 14 11

10 9.5 -

20 18 22

4 5

18 16

Gram negative 16 13
14 11

8 -

19 19

Shigella spp.

17.5

14

10

17

- : No Activity 6/4/2012

Garg and Jain(2001) 26

ANTIFUNGAL

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27

Table: 11 Efficacy of the ointment of Cinnamomum tamal oil against lesions caused by Microsporum audouinii and Tricophyton mentagrophytes.
Treatment days 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
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Percent culture recovery Control M. audouinii 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 70 100 50 100 0

T. mentagrophytes
100 100 100 100 80 72 65.2 60.3 50 0
28

Prathibha et.al., (1999)

Table: 12 Comparison of activity of Geranium oil and its major chemical constituents and common antifungal agents. ( at minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) levels).
SI No Compounds Potency disc Zone of inhibition (mm) (l/ml) Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans SDA 7.8 3.9 3.9 7.8 7.8 1.9 22 22 22 28 20 >30 SDSA 20 24 24 28 22 >30 SDA 22 24 12 31 17 >32 SDSA 22 24 12 37 17 >32

Oil and constituents 1 Geranium oil (pure) Citronellol Linalool Geraniol Isomenthone Mixture of all constituents
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2
3 4 5 6

Rath et.al., (2005)

29

SI No

Compounds

Potency disc (l/ml)

Zone of inhibition (mm)

Candida albicans

Cryptococcus neoformans

Antifungal agent
7

SDA
30 mg 14

SDSA SDA
14 19

SDSA
19

Itraconazole

8
9 10 11

Griseofnlvin

35mg

18 22

18 22

Amphotericin-B 100 U Nystatin Fluconazole 100 U 10mg

- : No zone of inhibition SAD: Sabourand Dextrose agar SDAS: Sabourand Dextrose agar containing Sucrose Rath et.al., (2005)
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Table: 13 Antifungal studies of some essential oils of Eucalyptus species against superficial ringworm infections.
Fungi Minimum cidal concentration (l/ml) E. E. E. E. amygdalina citriodora datrympleana laveopinea Epidermophyton 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 floccosum Microsporum 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 gypseum Microsporum 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.3 nanum Tricophyton 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.3 mentagrophyteie s Tricophyton 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 rubrum Tricophyton 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 6/4/2012 31 violaceum Sushil et.al., (1999)

Table: 14 Antifungal activity of the leaf oil from curcuma longa.

Organism

Inhibition of mycelial growth (in %)

Oil concentration (ppm) 100 250 52.42 43.00 17.56 28.94 31.91 26.82 500 56.06 50.27 19.47 33.56 32.06 28.24 750 62.42 52.45 20.39 35.50 33.13 30.21 1000 66.79 57.04 22.53 40.13 35.05 33.04 Nystatin (ppm) 100 70.78 82.35 55.55 72.41 42.00 45.79
32

Macrophomina phaseolina

50.72

Botrydiplodia theobromae 36.36 Alternaria alternata Curvularia lunata Colletotrichum corchori Fusarium equiseti
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16.41 27.63 28.72 21.71

Chowdhury et al. (2005)

ANTIVIRAL

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Table: 1 Effect of limonin and nomilin on Invitro infected HIV replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
90

inhibition of HIV replication%

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

79

75
limonin

nomolin

AZT (3.7M)

20
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40

80

120

Triterpenoids (M)

Lucia et al. (2003) 34

Table: 16 Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV replication in Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from naturally infected patients.

inhibition of HIV replication%

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Triterpenoids (M)

35

Table: 17 Effects on anxiety using topical application of two Lavender oils in post operative cardiac patients.
DAY 1 Improvement No Improvement Total No Lavender A 9 3 12 Lavender B Total No Patients 5 14 7 10 12 24

Buckle (1993)
Lavender A: Lavender burnatii Lavender B: Lavender angustifolia
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Undesired Effects of Essential oil

1. Skin irritability ex: cinnamon leaf oil, clove oil, Thyme oil. 2. Mucus membrane ex: Spearmint oil and Tegetus species.

3. Photo toxicity / Photosensitivity ex: Orange mint oil, Ruta graviolens oil and cumin oil.
4. Contact sensitization ex: Turpentine responsible for skin allergy to workers in paint industry.

Shirley and Len (2000)

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5. Nephrotoxicity ex: excess use of sandal wood oil it may cause kidney damage. 6. Respiratory sensitivity ex: cinnamon and clove oil.

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 It should be used knowledgably & with due caution so that the dangers which cause problems should be avoided. It should have physiological, psychological, pharmacological effects when applied to the body. Freely available, so there is no restriction on their sale and use. These are not harmful but deleterious effects may be observed only in case of overdose or sensitivity of the user.

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Conclusion
Today's increasing population and raising level of environment pollutants and stressed life style lead to deviation in health balance. Use of synthetic and modern drugs proved unsafe, cause several side effects and fatal to human kind. Use of essential oils is safe and relief to many important health problems (stress, tension, depression, constipation, insomnia etc) of human kind.

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THANK YOU

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References
BUCKLE, J., 1993, Aromatherapy A Clinical Trial. ActaHorticulture, 332: 253-264. CARLOS, C., NILBERTO, R.F., CARLOS, L.M., FABIO, B.S. AND MANASSES, C.F., 2003, Antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Plectranthus barbatus and some major constituents on the guinea pigeon pea ileum. Planta medica. 69: 1080-1085. CHANDRASHEKAR, K.S. AND JOSHI, A.B., 2004 Antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species. Indian perfumer, 48(3): 327-329. CHOWDHURY, J,U., YUSUF, M., JARIPA, B., AFROZ, J,T,. HOSSAIN, M.E. AND HOSSAIN, M.A., 2005, Aromatic plants of Bangaldesh: composition and antibacterial activities of leaf oil from Curcuma longa. Indian Perfumer, 49(1): 61-65. DEANS, S.G. AND KATERINA, P.S., 1989, Antibacterial activity of summer savory () essential oil and its constituents, Journal of Horticulture Sciences, 64(2): 205-210.
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 GANGRADE, S,K. AND SHRIVASTVA, R.D., SHRAMA, O,P., MOGHE, M.N. AND TRIVEDI, K.C., 1990, Evaluation of some essential oil for antibacterial properties , Indian Perfumer, 34(3): 204-208. GARG, S. C. AND JAIN, R. K., 2001, Antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil of Eletteria cardamomum. Indian perfumer, 34(3): 204-208. JIMOTH, T. S., ISIAKA, A. O., NURENI, O. O., TAMEKA, M. W., JENNIFER, M. S., WILLAM, N. S., ORUIEMI, N. O. AND SHERIFAT, A. A. 2005, Invitrocyticity of essential oils of Eucalyptus toreeliana F. V. Muell (leaves and fruits). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 110-119. JOHN, E. T., MINIJA, J., TAJO. AND DENNA., 1999, Microbial potential of essential oil of Ocimum adscendens. Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plant Sciences, 22(2): 256-267. LUCIA, B., FABIO, M., MIRIAM, L., GABRIELA, M., ANTONINA, S., CALUDIO, M. M.AND VINCENZO, V., 2003, Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human monoculture cells. Planta Medica, 69: 910-913. MIKUS, J., MICHAEL, H., DIETMAR, S. AND JURGEN, R., 2000, Invitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono and susquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Tripanosoma brucei. Planta Medica, 66: 366-368.
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 PRATIBHA, Y., DUBEY, N., JOSHI, V.K. AND CHINSOYRIA., 1999, Antidermatophytic activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum as herbal ointment for cure dermatomycoses. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 21: 347-351 RAO, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHARA, R.K., 2001, Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of the leaves of Pimento dioca L. (Family: Myrtaceae). Indian Drugs, 38(9): 458-461. RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHRA, R.K., 2001, Invitro susceptibility of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) essential oil against five human pathogens. Indian Perfumer, 45(1): 57-61. RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND RAJESHWAR, B.R., 2005, Antifungal activity of rose scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) essential oil and its six constituents. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 218-222. SHIRLEY, P. AND LEN, P., 2000, In aromatherapy for health professionals. Ed. Churchill Livngstone.

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 SINGH, G., KAPOOR, I.P., PANDEE, S.K., SINGH, O.R., SINGH, U.K. AND SINGH, R.K., 2001, A note on antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some aromatic plants. Indian Perfumer, 45(4): 275-278. SUSHIL, K.S., AMRITESH, C.S. AND ANUPAM, D., 1999, Antifungal studies of some essential oils at various pH levels for betterment of antifungal drug responses. Current Sciences, 77(5): 703-706. THOPPIL, J.E., TAJO, A., DEENA, M.J. AND SHREERANJINI, K., 2001, Microbicidal properties of Mint oils. Indian Perfumer, 54(3): 143145. XAVIER, B. AND GOEB, P., 2000, Medicinal properties of essential oils and their constituent. Indian Perfumer, 44(3): 199-211.

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 PRATIBHA, Y., DUBEY, N., JOSHI, V.K. AND CHINSOYRIA., 1999, Antidermatophytic activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum as herbal ointment for cure dermatomycoses. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 21: 347-351 RAO, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHARA, R.K., 2001, Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of the leaves of Pimento dioca L. (Family: Myrtaceae). Indian Drugs, 38(9): 458-461. RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHRA, R.K., 2001, Invitro susceptibility of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) essential oil against five human pathogens. Indian Perfumer, 45(1): 57-61. RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND RAJESHWAR, B.R., 2005, Antifungal activity of rose scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) essential oil and its six constituents. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 218-222. SHIRLEY, P. AND LEN, P., 2000, In aromatherapy for health professionals. Ed. Churchill Livngstone.

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ANTIPROTOZOAL

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Table: 16 Antiprotozoal activites of different essential oils against Leishmeniasis major and Trypnosoma brucei.
Essential oil T. brucei ED (g/ml) L. major HL - 60 Selectivity ED (HL ED (HL 60)/ED T. 60) ED L. brucei major

Clove Tea tree Anise Pine Balm mint Pepper mint Rosemary Thyme Suramin Amphoterici n -B
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1.9 0.5 118.4 176.0 3.9 4.2 19.1 0.4 0.5 -

58.4 403.0 286.1 123.2 7.0 227.5 282.1 127.4 0.3

34.4 43.0 325.6 149.6 25.5 200.2 91.0 24.6 1000.0 36.0

18.1 86.0 2.8 0.9 6.5 47.7 4.8 61.5 2000.0 -

0.6 0.1 1.1 1.2 3.6 0.9 0.3 0.2 120.0

-: No Activity

48 Mikus et.al., (2000)

Table: 11 Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the strains against Japanese mint. Rath et.al., (2005)

Antifungal agents Cc: Clotrim azole Fu: Flucon azole Gf: Griseofulvin Ap: Amphotericim B Ns: Nystatin

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Table: 11 Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the strains against Japanese mint.

SI No Organism Sensitive 1 Candida albicans Ns (32) Zone size (mm) Resistant Cc (6), Fu(9), It(8), Gf(0) Ap(7), Cc (0), Fu(0), It(0), Gf(0) Ap(6), Ns(8) Cc (0), Fu(0), It(0), Gf(0) Ap(0), Ns(0) Mint oil 18

Sporothirix schenckii Crytococcus neoformans

17

16

Microsporum gypseum
Tricophyton rubrum
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Cc (0), Fu(0), It(0), Gf(0) Ap(0), Ns(0)

Cc (0), Fu(0), It(8), Gf(0) Ap(0), Ns(0)

18

31

Rath et.al., (2005)

50