P Block Elements

P BLOCK ELEMENTS
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Atomic and Physical Properties of Group 15 Elements Electronic Configuration
Group 15 Elements
The valence shell electronic configuration of these elements
is ns2np3. The s orbital in these elements is completely filled and p orbitals are half-filled, making their electronic configuration extra stable.
Atomic and Ionic Radii
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Ionisation Enthalpy
Ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group due to
gradual increase in atomic size. Because of the extra stable half-filled p orbitals electronic configuration and smaller size, the ionisation enthalpy of the group 15 elements is much greater than that of group 14 elements in the corresponding periods. The order of successive ionisation enthalpies, as expected is iH1 iH2 iH3 (Table 7.1).
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Electronegativity
Dinitrogen
Habers Process
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Nitric Acid
3Cu + 8 HNO3(dilute) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O Cu + 4HNO3(conc.) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
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I2 + 10HNO3 2HIO3 + 10NO2 + 4H2O C + 4HNO3 CO2 + 2H2O + 4NO2 S8 + 48HNO3 8H2SO4 + 48NO2 + 16H2O P4 + 20HNO3 4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2O
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Brown Ring Test: The familiar brown ring test for
nitrates depends on the ability of Fe2+ to reduce nitrates to nitric oxide, which reacts with Fe2+ to form a brown coloured complex. The test is usually carried out by adding dilute ferrous sulphate solution to an aqueous solution containing nitrate ion, and then carefully adding concentrated sulphuric acid along the sides of the test tube. A brown ring at the interface between the solution and sulphuric acid layers indicates the presence of nitrate ion in solution.
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Phosphorus
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Phosphine
v
Preparation
Phosphine is prepared by the reaction of calcium phosphide with water or dilute HCl. Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3 Ca3P2 + 6HCl 3CaCl2 + 2PH3 In the laboratory, it is prepared by heating white phosphorus with concentrated NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere of CO2. P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O PH3 + 3NaH2 PO2 (sodium hypophosphite) When pure, it is non inflammable but becomes 5/22/12 inflammable owing to the presence of P2H4 or P4 vapours.
Oxoacids of Phosphorus
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Group 16 Elements
v
Electronic Configuration The elements of Group16 have six electrons in the
outermost shell and have ns2 np4 general electronic configuration.

v
Atomic and Ionic Radii Due to increase in the number of shells, atomic and ionic
radii increase from top to bottom in the group. The size of oxygen atom is, however, exceptionally small.
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Ionisation Enthalpy
Ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group. It is due to 5/22/12

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Electron Gain Enthalpy Because of the compact nature of oxygen atom, it has
less negative electron gain enthalpy than sulphur. However, from sulphur onwards the value again becomes less negative upto polonium.
Electronegativity
Next to fluorine, oxygen has the highest electronegativity value amongst the elements. Within the group, electronegativity decreases with an increase in atomic number. This implies that the metallic character increases 5/22/12 from oxygen to polonium.
Anomalous behaviour of oxygen

v
(i) Reactivity with hydrogen: All the elements of Group
16 form hydrides of the type H2E (E = O, S, Se, Te, Po). Some properties of hydrides are given in Table 7.7. Their acidic character increases from H2O to H2Te. The increase in acidic character can be explained in terms of decrease in bond (HE) dissociation enthalpy down the group. Owing to the decrease in bond (HE) dissociation enthalpy down the group, the thermal stability of hydrides also decreases from H2O to H2Po. All the hydrides except water possess reducing property and this character increases from H2S to H2Te. 5/22/12
(ii) Reactivity with oxygen: All these elements form oxides
of the EO2 and EO3 types where E = S, Se, Te or Po. Ozone (O3) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) are gases while selenium dioxide (SeO2) is solid. Reducing property of dioxide decreases from SO2 to TeO2; SO2 is reducing while TeO2 is an oxidising agent. Besides EO2 type, sulphur, selenium and tellurium also form EO3 type oxides (SO3, SeO3, TeO3). Both types of oxides are acidic in nature.
v
(iii) Reactivity towards the halogens: Elements of Group
16 form a large number of halides of the type, EX6, EX4 and EX2 where E is an element of the group and X is a halogen. The stability of the halides decreases in the 5/22/12
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P BLOCK ELEMENTS

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Atomic and Physical Properties of Group 15 Elements Electronic Configuration

The valence shell electronic configuration of these elements

Atomic and Ionic Radii

Ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group due to

3Cu + 8 HNO3(dilute) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O Cu + 4HNO3(conc.) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Brown Ring Test: The familiar brown ring test for

Electronic Configuration The elements of Group16 have six electrons in the

outermost shell and have ns2 np4 general electronic configuration.

Ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group. It is due to 5/22/12

Anomalous behaviour of oxygen

(i) Reactivity with hydrogen: All the elements of Group

(ii) Reactivity with oxygen: All these elements form oxides

(iii) Reactivity towards the halogens: Elements of Group

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