915-918 P – Block Group-I -

can covalency
extent

Group-I5 ns2np3 Anamolous Behavior of Nitrogen P

[Ne]3s3p35d

agree
I

N P As Sb Bi ▪ Small size X

in
metallic
Nature
▪ High I.E , High E.N =
Y

metal
&

unless ▪ Absence of d-orbital

Non-metal metalloid
NCl5 does not exist
Y

Metallic Character PCl5 does exist (empty d-orbital)

N P As Sb Bi
Metallic character increases N2 (N N) Very high Bond Energy unreactive(inert)
- stable

Atomic Radius Bond Enthalpy

-

I
-

Down
group
the

?
3P
Repulsion
N < P < As < Sb < Bi N-N < P-P "of small
size
.

REPULSIONS
↓

I.E NO EXCEPTION
O-O < S-S BOND WEAK

N > P > As > Sb > Bi F-F < Cl-Cl

E.N NO EXCEPTION Reactivity with Hydrides
E + H2 → EH3
N > P > As > Sb > Bi
Bond dassociation Enthalpy Large size -> BOND WEAK

Bi -
H

B.P BOND N -H
BP
NH > PH > AsH > SbH > BiH
< mass
STRONG
-

N < P < As < Sb < Bi Stability

M.P NH > PH > AsH > SbH > BiH
Y

N < P < As > Sb > Bi Reducing Character Defends H

Nikolne
Muse
=>
on

Bi- 4

NH Bond< PH < AsH < SbH < BiH

N -H
VALENCE
5 a-
+ 5
↑

Oxidation State ns2np3 3e-

3
Bond weak
+ ACCEPT

->
3 Based on EN
↳
easily Nike
Jalga
Basic Nature density election
=>

Tendency to form -3 O.S ⑧0 size

high
small
⑧0 ⑧O 0 a
a so

Most EM
NH densi>ty PH > AsH > SbH > BiH
N > P > As > Sb > Bi M.p As Sending BD/MD
high
Tendency to form +3 O.S Lower
OS
NH > SbH > AsH > PH
Yes
B.P
N < P < As < Sb < Bi
INERT PAIR

EFFECT
BiH > SbH > NH > AsH > PH
Tendency to form +5 O.S Higher OS

N > P > As > Sb > Bi Reactivity with oxygen +3

03 205
E + O2 → E2O3
<
AD: -

5
E + O2 → E2O5
+

: Nitrogen does not show allotropy

N2 + 02 -> N203

N2 + 02 ->
NaO5
 t NEET
-

24* FEB- 6PM

Y

Y
 SHORT NOTES
*

DETAILED NOTES
*

X DPPs
*

QUESTION BANK
*
REVISION

CHALLENGE
-
-
 More the % of oxygen, the more is acidic character N2O3 (Dinitrogen oxide)
acidic character: E2O3 < E2O5
N2O3 P2O3 As2O3 Sb2O3 Bi2O3 NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
Basic
acidic
Dimes
of Nor
amphoteric ~
2NO2 → N2O4 (Dinitrogen tetroxide)
Reactivity of Halogens
E + X2 → EX3 Pelz No umfly
dist
E + X2 → EX5 PC5 AIR I
-
N2O5 (Dinitrogen Pentoxide)
NX does not exist, nitrogen cannot form five bonds
- - - -
*

Covalent Character: EX5 > EX3 57 Us

x CHARGE

Dinitrogen N2 *
Nitric Acid HNO3
Dinitrogen is produced commercially by the On a large scale it is prepared mainly by
liquefication and fractional distillation of air Ostwald’s process
: Dinitrogen is colourless, odourless ,tasteless and
non-toxic gas. ->
MEN
STABLE
=

: It is inert at room temperature +5 - Man S

HNO3 ↓
Catalyst used in Haber’s Process is Fe sp2 story
of

PROMOTER - No
: In the gaseous state, HNO exist as a
Ammonia NH3 planar molecule as shown above
S
3BPI S
: Conc HNO is a strong oxidising agent
Trigonal pyramidal
-> -
Brown Ring Test NOz Identity
->

This test is carried by adding dilute ferrous sulphate

: Ammonia is colourless gas with a pungent odour solution to an aqueous solution containing
: Ammonia gas is highly soluble in water Nitrate ion and then adding concentrated sulphuric
acid along the side of test tube
: Ammonia is a lewis base ⑱and -

NO3- + 3Fe+2 +4H+ → NO + 3Fe+3 + 2H2O

O
v
[Fe(H2O)6]2++NO→[Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2++ H2O
N 2O (Dinitrogen oxide ) A1

brown
+1

SOy2-
NO- (Nitrogen monoxide) A brown ring indicates the presence of nitrate
ion in solution
 Phosphorous Phosphine PH3

Phosphorous is found in many allotropic forms, the • Phosphine is prepared by the reaction
important ones being white, red And black calcium phosphide with water or dilute
ca(n) PH3
acid CazPa+ 420
-> +

White Phosphorous
• White phosphorous is translucent white waxy • It is a colorless gas with rotten fish
solid smell and is highly poisonous
• It is poisonous and insoluble in water but
soluble in CS
NOTE: ⑤-> E andene
AIR The spontaneous combustion of phosphine
• White phosphorus is less stable and more is used in Holme’s Signal.
AIR
reactive 3BP 3 It is also used in smoke screens
3
8 8

sp (angular strain)
SP 12P

·28
"
MONOMER
109 -
-
P4O10 P4O6
⑧ ·

it
single
⑧

Red Phosphorous
• Red phosphorus is obtained by heating white
phosphorus at 573 K in an inert atmosphere
Phosphorus Trichloride PCl3
• It is odourless, non poisonous, and insoluble in
water as well as carbon disulphide It is obtained by passing dry chlorine over
• Chemically red phosphorus is much less reactive heated white phosphorus
3BP
than white phosphorus sp 3 1 2P

POLYMER
-
- -

Pyramidal shape

Phosphorus Pentachloride PCl5

Black Phosphorous It is obtained by passing dry chlorine over
• Black phosphorus has two forms -black heated white phosphorus Bifyramidal
Trigours -

phosphorus and -black phosphorus. With excess of dry chlorine e

e

equitoral
• When red phosphorus is heated under pressure,
-- e

↳ short
a
↳ STRONG

A series of black phosphorus is formed a ->

↳ LONG
↳ WEAK
axial
 x
PCl5 PU5(g)
025(1)
soc
→In gaseous and liquid H4P2O5 Pyrophosphorous acid
Musis) phases,it has trigonal
bipyramidal structure
→The three equatorial
P-Cl bonds are
equivalent while the two
Short,strong axial bonds are longer
than equatorial bonds
X
H4P2O7 Pyrophosphoric acid
VVVVIMD
-

2PCl5 (s) → [PCl4]+ [PCl6]-

S
I sp d , octahedral
sp ,tetrahedral

Oxoacids 0-4 - Audie X

Nature
H4P2O6 Hypophosphoric acid
H3PO4 Ortho phosphoric acid

Acidic hydrogen

H3PO3 Ortho phosphorous acid

2 ACIDIC HYDROGEN
-
-

P-4 rduring Nature

-
-

Reducing Nature
H3PO2 Hypophorous acid

~Ade

Reducing
 P–Block Group-I
Group-I6 ns2 np4 (Chalcogen) M.P MPOBP a
mate

O < S < Se < Po < Te

O S Se Te Po
B.P
(metal) O < S < Se < Po < Te
2
↳2
(Radioactive)
-

(metalloids) Oxidation State ns2 np4 4

+
6
+

(non-metals)
Dead bunt
Tendency to form -2 O.S
CaSOn
CaSO4.2H2O (Gypsum) Plaste O > S > Se > Te > Po
-
-

INERT PAIR
Lower OS

CaSO4.1/2H2O (Plaster of Paris) Tendency to form +4 O.S -

-

EFFECT

O < S < Se < Te < Po

MgSO4.7H2O (Epsom salt) Tendency to form +6 O.S Higher
PbS (Galena) O > S > Se > Te > Po
ZnS (Zinc Blende) Anomalous behavior of oxygen
and Quill
CuFeS2 (Copper Pyrites) Small size -
~
-
High I.E , High E.N
Atomic Size Yes
- >
Absence of d-orbital
O < S < Se < Te < Po Hydrogen bonding X
I.E Reactivity with Hydrides BDEx Thermal
stability
↳ Hes
Bond dissociation Enthalpy:
O > S > Se > Te > Po H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te > H2Po
Po BOND WEAK
0
4 -
H-

E.N Thermal stability:

His
O > S > Se > Te > Po H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te > H2Po

Acidic Character: It =>

release

Electron gain Enthalpy I

lowest
Beg4 easily it

↳ Small H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te < H2Po Neblega
&

size Bard

S > Se > Te > Po > O ↳ election

O stron
Reducing Character: =>
repulsions
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te < H2Po
All group-I element show allotropy ↓
L
④ Nikole

Mushkil ⑪ Nikalne

y
Reactivity with Oxygen Ozone O3
Acidic Natur
E + O2 → EO2 +y +6
→Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen
SO2 <SO3
E + O2 → EO3 → Ozone layer protects the earth surface from U.V
radiation
Acidic Nature: EO2 < EO3 Properties
Reducing nature: SO > SeO > TeO → Ozone is a pale blue gas, dark blue liquid and violet-
black solid Resonance
>

Reactivity with Halogens

- >

E + X2 → EX2 +
covalent character
2
x CHARGE

EXa < Exy <6

E + X2 → EX4
E + X2 → EX6
Stability of halides: F- > Cl- > Br- > I- Suplhur allotropic forms
: Among hexahalides, only hexafluorides
SF6 -

ordinary
intra

Are stable wometry symmetic

is
-
stable

of
Scy exists?
No" stuc
*
*
Yellow rhombic
hindrance

Among tetraflourides ,SF is gas , monoclinic

SeF a liquid and TeF solid
Rhombic Sulphur ( - sulphur)
Oxygen →it isisoluble in water but dissolves to some extent in
→ On a large scale it can be benzene , alcohol and ether
prepared from water or air. →it is readily soluble in CS
Electrolysis of water leads to Monoclinic sulphur ( -sulphur)
the release of hydrogen at the
cathode and oxygen at the anode. →It is soluble in CS
→ Dioxygen is a colorless and Note:
odorless gas BONDING
MOT
-
CHEMICAL
→At 369 K both the forms are stable. This temperature
→ O2 is paramagnetic ->
I
unpaid e-
is called transition temperature
**2Pn
*2Py

Acidic oxide If
*
T> →Monoclinic ( - sulphur)
→Generally non-metals are acidic +5
T< →Rhombic ( -sulphur)
→ Oxide of some metal in high V205 +6

683
shape
oxidation state have acidic character
So - nown
So

Crown shape
Basic oxide Chair form

In general metallic oxides are basic

NazU CaO k2O
 SO2
Sulphur Dioxide H2SO5 Caro’s Acid
→Sulphur dioxide is formed with a little( )
Sulphur trioxide when sulphur is burnt in air or Perony linkage
oxygen
→Sulphur dioxide is a colorless with pungent H2S2O3 Thiosulphuric Acid
smell and highly soluble in water
Resonance
->
⑨

Angular H2S2O4 Dithionous Acid

- - -

Oxoacids
H2SO3 Sulphurous Acid
*

*
H2S2O5 Disulphurous Acid
*
H2SO4 Sulphuric Acid
!
Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 *

per Ono 0 -
0

Marshal
→ Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the
H2S2O8 Peroxodisuplhuric Acid ->
And
-
⑥

contact process
→ The sulphuric acid obtained by contact
process is % pure
→Sulphuric acid is a colorless
-> deum
→ It’s strong oxidizing agent
H2S2O7 Pyrosulphuric Acid -
-

→ It’s a dibasic acid

HISOU

↳ DiBasic
-
-
* GROUP 17

HAROGENS nS24p5 Fr -
yellow gas
yellow
Jecas greenish
F Us
Flospar
-
CaFz gas
U
NazAlFs cryoble
·
Bez - red Liquid
Br J- big
caqy)..CaFz Fowapatiti Ia -> voiletsolid
I]- solid
As
↳ Radioactive
-
-

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
Atomic
* Size:
MP: FU<Br<1
-

Yes
-

FCC<Br<I
MP OL
IE.
* -
BP8-FCC(Br<I BP
- Mats

FTLB1> I des

EN:
* -

Fx> Br> I des ·

Bond dissociation
Repulsion
a08
Enthalpy
F-E.
·

C-U Br-Br 1-1

Degy
*

Un7 B12> F2> 12

27 F7 Br > I ↳ Small
size
Le
↳ due to small
size Band
weeks -repulsions
repulsions
>
--
face
t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 value
I
OxidationState
*

DA
2
p5
->

e-
-
I to +1

exists
in-10s.
Fluorine
But
*
always

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 *

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 Reactivity
-
%-

F2> U27 Brc7 I2

Natures
↑
- -
->

Ouidising -

Fac2> Bre712
Fa v
B12 I'
Bi
I--

Ha Br
I

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 2
=> ⑧

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF FLUORINE
-> small size y
↳ 2nd Picod
->

night -
-

Y
->
HigkEN
a-orbite
of
-> Absence

Hydrogen Bonding
->

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 Reactivity Mydrides:
* with -

X nz+
- HX

Bond Week
strong
Bond BDE
high - Low BDE
=>

H - F H- I

Bond Dissociation
Energy -
HE 3 no? UBR 7 H2

Thermal
stability -
HE> nC] HBr7 HI

AcidicNature !-
HF < UQe< YBr< HI

Bond
↳ Bond weak
strong L
↓

lasily Nickleg
It Nikole Mushkil At a
-
-

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
T

↳ Less Aide More Audi

 H -
F
HCCHBRCHF CHI REASON8-
MP: -
A
H 0
↳
Bandung
-
-

↳-
- -

H N
-

BD: -
HU <UBR SHICUF

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 small cation

↑large Anion

covalent character: -

ME <MU <MBr <M2

Jonic Character: -

ME) MC7 MBr) MI

Covalent Character. 2
CHARGE
+4 + 2

sucly 7 sucla

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
t.me/neetpreparationadda247
t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 CATALYST

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 &

explosive
-

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 ->
I -
1
REDOX
-
-

- -
-
-

->
I +5

--
-
-

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 0
-

->
subsblution
ALKANES -
-

-
-

↓ Addition

CH2=
M2

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 +2 + 3

+ Y +6

+5

Nascent
onygen

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
* HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
t.me/neetpreparationadda247
t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 Holl HCO2 HCO3 HCOY
on on on
I
Ho-ch + 3
u
+
54 +7
C
+1 If -
Yo
!
I
O ⑧
⑧ !
AndicNature:HOC [H4 <HCO3 <440y

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
t.me/neetpreparationadda247
t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 -

Reactuely:
-

Fr Interhalogen > C2 Brz7I2

compound
↳ reeting
vy X-X'Bond
Because Weak
of -

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 HYBRIDISALION
--

t.me/neetpreparationadda247
 Example 7.19 Discuss the molecular shape of BrF3 on the basis of VSEPR theory.
Solution The central atom Br has seven electrons
in the valence shell. Three of these will form electron-
pair bonds with three fluorine atoms leaving behind
four electrons. Thus, there are three bond pairs and
two lone pairs. According to VSEPR theory, these
will occupy the corners of a trigonal bipyramid. The
two lone pairs will occupy the equatorial positions

ed
to minimise lone pair -lone pair and the bond pair -
lone pair repulsions which are greater than the bond
pair-bond pair repulsions. In addition, the axial
fluorine atoms will be bent towards the equatorial

h
fluorine in order to minimise the lone-pair-lone pair
repulsions. The shape would be that of a slightly

pu T
bent ‘T’.

is
re R
bl
Uses
Uses: These compounds can be used as non aqueous solvents. Interhalogen
compounds are very useful fluorinating agents. ClF3 and BrF3 are used for the
E
235
production of UF6 in the enrichment of U.
U(s) + 3ClF3(l) → UF6(g) + 3ClF(g)
be C

Intext Question
o N

7.31 Why is ICl more reactive than I2?

7.23 Group 18 Group 18 consists of six elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon
Elements
tt ©

and radon. All these are gases and chemically unreactive. They form
very few compounds. Because of this they are termed noble gases.

7.23.1 Occurrence All the noble gases except radon occur in the atmosphere. Their
atmospheric abundance in dry air is ~ 1% by volume of which argon
is the major constituent. Helium and sometimes neon are found in
minerals of radioactive origin e.g., pitchblende, monazite, cleveite. The
main commercial source of helium is natural gas. Xenon and radon
are the rarest elements of the group. Radon is obtained as a decay
product of 226Ra.
226
88 Ra → 222
86 Rn +24 He

Example 7.20 Why are the elements of Group 18 known as noble gases ?
no

Solution The elements present in Group 18 have their valence shell orbitals
completely filled and, therefore, react with a few elements only under
certain conditions. Therefore, they are now known as noble gases.

Chemistry 202
 The important atomic and physical properties of the Group 18
elements along with their electronic configurations are given in
Table 7.12. The trends in some of the atomic, physical and chemical
properties of the group are discussed here.

Table 7.12: Atomic and Physical Properties of Group 18 Elements

Propery He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn *

Atomic number 2 10 18 36 54 86
–1
Atomic mass/ g mol 4.00 20.18 39.95 83.80 131.30 222.00

ed
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 14 10 2 6
Electronic configuration 1s [He]2s 2p [Ne] 3s 3p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Xe]4f 5d 6s 6p
Atomic radius/pm 120 160 190 200 220 –
Ionisation enthalpy 2372 2080 1520 1351 1170 1037
-1
/kJmol
Electron gain enthalpy 48 116 96 96 77 68

h
-1
/kJmol
–3 –4 –4 –3 –3 –3 –3
Density (at STP)/gcm 1.8×10 9.0×10 1.8×10 3.7×10 5.9×10 9.7×10

pu T
is
Melting point/K – 24.6 83.8 115.9 161.3 202
Boiling point/K 4.2 27.1 87.2 119.7 165.0 211
–4 –3 –4 –6
Atmospheric content 5.24×10 – 1.82×10 0.934 1.14×10 8.7×10
re R
(% by volume)

bl
* radioactive
E
2 6
7.23.2 Electronic All noble gases have general electronic configuration ns np except
2
Configuration helium which has 1s (Table 7.12). Many of the properties of noble
gases including their inactive nature are ascribed to their closed
be C

shell structures.
7.23.3 Ionisation Due to stable electronic configuration these gases exhibit very high
Enthalpy ionisation enthalpy. However, it decreases down the group with increase
o N

in atomic size.
7.23.4 Atomic Atomic radii increase down the group with increase in atomic
Radii number.
tt ©

7.23.5 Electron Since noble gases have stable electronic configurations, they have no
Gain tendency to accept the electron and therefore, have large positive values
Enthalpy of electron gain enthalpy.
Physical Properties
All the noble gases are monoatomic. They are colourless, odourless
and tasteless. They are sparingly soluble in water. They have very low
melting and boiling points because the only type of interatomic
interaction in these elements is weak dispersion forces. Helium has the
lowest boiling point (4.2 K) of any known substance. It has an unusual
property of diffusing through most commonly used laboratory materials
such as rubber, glass or plastics.

Example 7.21
no

Noble gases have very low boiling points. Why?

Noble gases being monoatomic have no interatomic forces except weak Solution
dispersion forces and therefore, they are liquefied at very low
temperatures. Hence, they have low boiling points.

203 The p-Block Elements

 Chemical Properties
In general, noble gases are least reactive. Their inertness to chemical
reactivity is attributed to the following reasons:
2 2 6
(i) The noble gases except helium (1s ) have completely filled ns np
electronic configuration in their valence shell.
(ii) They have high ionisation enthalpy and more positive electron
gain enthalpy.
The reactivity of noble gases has been investigated occasionally,
ever since their discovery, but all attempts to force them to react to

ed
form the compounds, were unsuccessful for quite a few years. In March
1962, Neil Bartlett, then at the University of British Columbia, observed
the reaction of a noble gas. First, he prepared a red compound which
+ –
is formulated as02 O2 PtF6 . He, then realised that the first ionisation
–1
enthalpy of molecular oxygen (1175 kJmol ) was almost identical with
–1

h
that of xenon (1170 kJ mol ). He made efforts to prepare same type of
compound with Xe and was successful in preparing another red colour
+ –

pu T
compound Xe PtF6 by mixing PtF6 and xenon. After this discovery, a

is
number of xenon compounds mainly with most electronegative elements
like fluorine and oxygen, have been synthesised.
re R The compounds of krypton are fewer. Only the difluoride (KrF2) has

bl
been studied in detail. Compounds of radon have not been isolated
but only identified (e.g., RnF2) by radiotracer technique. No true
E
compounds of Ar, Ne or He are yet known.
(a) Xenon-fluorine compounds
be C

Xenon forms three binary fluorides, XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 by the
direct reaction of elements under appropriate experimental conditions.
Xe (g) + F2 (g) →
673 K, 1 bar XeF2(s)
o N

(xenon in excess)
Xe (g) + 2F2 (g) 
873 K, 7 bar
→ XeF4(s)
(1:5 ratio)
573 K, 60 −70bar
Xe (g) + 3F2 (g)  → XeF6(s)
(1:20 ratio)
tt ©

XeF6 can also be prepared by the interaction of XeF4 and O2F2 at 143K.
XeF4 + O2 F2 → XeF6 + O2
XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 are colourless crystalline solids and sublime
readily at 298 K. They are powerful fluorinating agents. They are readily
hydrolysed even by traces of water. For example, XeF2 is hydrolysed to
give Xe, HF and O2.
2XeF2 (s) + 2H2O(l) → 2Xe (g) + 4 HF(aq) + O2(g)
The structures of the three xenon fluorides can be deduced from
VSEPR and these are shown in Fig. 7.9. XeF2 and XeF 4 have linear and
square planar structures respectively. XeF6 has seven electron pairs (6
bonding pairs and one lone pair) and would, thus, have a distorted
no

octahedral structure as found experimentally in the gas phase.

Xenon fluorides react with fluoride ion acceptors to form cationic
species and fluoride ion donors to form fluoroanions.
XeF2 + PF5 → [XeF] [PF6] ; XeF4 + SbF5 → [XeF3] [SbF6]
+ – + –

XeF6 + MF → M [XeF7] (M = Na, K, Rb or Cs)

+ –

Chemistry 204
 P-BLOCK CLASS 12M FINISH

( b ) Xenon-oxygen compounds
Hydrolysis of XeF4 and XeF6 with water gives Xe03.
6XeF4 + 12 H2O → 4Xe + 2Xe03 + 24 HF + 3 O2
XeF6 + 3 H2O → XeO3 + 6 HF
F F F
Partial hydrolysis of XeF 6 gives
oxyfluorides, XeOF4 and XeO2F2.
XeF6 + H2O → XeOF4 + 2 HF
Xe
Xe XeF6 + 2 H2O → XeO2F2 + 4HF
sp

ed
XeO3 is a colourless explosive solid and
F F
3BP has a pyramidal molecular structure (Fig.
F
·P 7.9). XeOF4 is a colourless volatile liquid
and has a square pyramidal molecular
(a) Linear (b) Square planar structure (Fig.7.9).

h
F
O

pu T
F F

is
F F
Xe Xe
Xe
Fig. 7.9
re R
The structures of F F O O

bl
F F
(a) XeF2 (b) XeF4 F O
(c) XeF6 (d) XeOF4
E
and (e) XeO3 (c) Distorted octahedral (d) Square pyramidal (e) Pyramidal

Does the hydrolysis of XeF6 lead to a redox reaction? Example 7.22

be C

No, the products of hydrolysis are XeOF4 and XeO2F2 where the oxidation Solution
states of all the elements remain the same as it was in the reacting state.
o N

Uses
Uses: Helium is a non-inflammable and light gas. Hence, it is used in filling
balloons for meteorological observations. It is also used in gas-cooled nuclear
reactors. Liquid helium (b.p. 4.2 K) finds use as cryogenic agent for carrying out
various experiments at low temperatures. It is used to produce and sustain
tt ©

powerful superconducting magnets which form an essential part of modern NMR

spectrometers and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems for clinical
diagnosis. It is used as a diluent for oxygen in modern diving apparatus because
of its very low solubility in blood.
Neon is used in discharge tubes and fluorescent bulbs for advertisement display
purposes. Neon bulbs are used in botanical gardens and in green houses.
Argon is used mainly to provide an inert atmosphere in high temperature
metallurgical processes (arc welding of metals or alloys) and for filling electric bulbs.
It is also used in the laboratory for handling substances that are air-sensitive.
There are no significant uses of Xenon and Krypton. They are used in light
bulbs designed for special purposes.

Intext Questions
no

7.32 Why is helium used in diving apparatus?

7.33 Balance the following equation: XeF6 + H2O → XeO2F2 + HF
7.34 Why has it been difficult to study the chemistry of radon?

205 The p-Block Elements

Mole- Isomerism Halalbanes-

Atomicv GO v Alcohol Pherdv

PT v
Hydrocarbon other

CB Solutioni belon
Aldhyell
v

Thumov Elite v

eq
Chemical
M
- Kineties v Calonylic-
↑

Amunes
Redox-
Coodination
Jonic
P Block Class 11 -
D-Block left
↑Block class 12 L
F Block
left
IUPAC
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