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    Allelochem Div

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    Manikanta Laishram
    Allelochemicals are plant-based chemicals that can affect the growth of other plants or organisms. They are secondary metabolites produced by plants through various pathways and can be present in any plant part. They are a diverse group of compounds including organic acids, phenols, benzoic acids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and others. Allelochemicals are released into the environment through leaching, volatilization, root exudation or decomposition and can impact other plants through direct or indirect modes of action. They play important roles in agriculture, forestry, freshwater and marine ecosystems.

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    Allelochem Div

    Uploaded by

    Manikanta Laishram
    138 views35 pages
    Allelochemicals are plant-based chemicals that can affect the growth of other plants or organisms. They are secondary metabolites produced by plants through various pathways and can be present in any plant part. They are a diverse group of compounds including organic acids, phenols, benzoic acids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and others. Allelochemicals are released into the environment through leaching, volatilization, root exudation or decomposition and can impact other plants through direct or indirect modes of action. They play important roles in agriculture, forestry, freshwater and marine ecosystems.

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    Allelochemicals are plant-based chemicals that can affect the growth of other plants or organisms. They are secondary metabolites produced by plants through various pathways and can be present in any plant part. They are a diverse group of compounds including organic acids, phenols, benzoic acids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and others. Allelochemicals are released into the environment through leaching, volatilization, root exudation or decomposition and can impact other plants through direct or indirect modes of action. They play important roles in agriculture, forestry, freshwater and marine ecosystems.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    138 views35 pages

    Allelochem Div

    Uploaded by

    Manikanta Laishram
    Allelochemicals are plant-based chemicals that can affect the growth of other plants or organisms. They are secondary metabolites produced by plants through various pathways and can be present in any plant part. They are a diverse group of compounds including organic acids, phenols, benzoic acids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and others. Allelochemicals are released into the environment through leaching, volatilization, root exudation or decomposition and can impact other plants through direct or indirect modes of action. They play important roles in agriculture, forestry, freshwater and marine ecosystems.

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    What Are Allelochemicals?

    Literally Compounds that have allelopathic impact Ecologically Plant based chemicals that upon release into environment affect the growth of other plants. An array of non-nutritional chemicals produced by living organisms that affect growth, health, behaviour or population biology of other species Generally They are considered as Natural Toxins

    The term was first used by Whittaker in 1970

    Allelochemicals
    The term basically applied plantplant interactions but is also being expanded to include complex delicate interactions between plantinsect, plant-microbe and plantanimal interactions.

    Allelochemicals - the Terminology Impasse


    Other terms with similar meaning
    Semiochemicals Koline Phytoncide Phytoinhibitins Plant Eco-chemicals

    Allelochemicals - Characteristics
    Natural plant products exhibiting diversity in chemical nature and structure They are synthesized in plants as Secondary Metabolites Within plants they are localized / sequestered in specialized organs May be present in any plant part
    Contd.

    Allelochemicals - Characteristics
    The toxicity of allelochemicals towards other plants is a function of

    concentration, age of plants, metabolic stage under given set of environmental conditions.
    Their actions are often synergistic.

    Factors Affecting Allelochemicals


    Abiotic Biotic
    Moisture Stress, Heat, Light, Nutrient Deficiencies, Soil Organics, Habitat Disease Infections, Herbivores, Plant age, Competitive Interference, Anthropogenic sources like herbicides and other chemicals.

    Fate of Allelochemicals in Soil


    Soil is a complex environment Accumulation depends upon biotic and abiotic factors. Generally undergo Sorption or transformation (more toxic or less toxic)microbial or non microbial. May be reversibly or irreversibly bound to soil particles or may remain in free state. Free form or Reversibly bound allelochemicals - much ecological significance

    Allelochemicals Synthesis
    Synthesized through many pathways such as: Shikimic Acid Pathway Malonic Acid Pathway Mevalonic acid Pathway 3-PGA / Pyruvate Pathway

    Allelochemicals Chemical Diversity


    Simple water-soluble organic acids Simple unsaturated lactones Long-chain fatty acids and polyacetylenes Naphthoquinone, anthroquinones and complex quinones Simple phenols Benzoic acid and derivates Cinnamic acid and derivates Flavonoids Contd.

    Allelochemicals Chemical Diversity


    Tannins Terpenoids and steroids Alkaloids and cyanohydrins Coumarins

    Thiocyanates

    Broadly - they are categorized as Plant phenolics and terpenoids

    Modes of Release of Allelochemicals


    Leachation Volatilization - permeate in air or are
    solubilized in aqueous phase of the soil

    Root Exudation Microbial decomposition

    Added to Soil Matrix

    Sources of Allelochemicals
    Virtually all plant parts - Leaves, Stem, Roots, Inflorescence, Buds, Flowers. However, leaves are the consistent source of allelochemicals whereas roots usually possess lesser amount.

    Allelochemicals within Plants


    Structural and Physiological Functions.
    Role in Lignification Plant Defense against herbivores and pathogen Reproductive Fitness

    Allelochemicals Mode of Action


    Direct
    Various processes of plant growth and metabolism

    Indirect
    Alteration of Soil Properties Nutritional Status Changes in the activity of microbial / nematode populations

    Allelochemicals Mode of Action


    Direct
    Mineral uptake Cytology and Ultrastructure Phytohormone Balance Photosynthesis Respiration Membrane Permeability Enzyme Activity Protein Synthesis

    Molecular target sites of Some Allelochemicals


    Allelochemical Molecular Target Site

    1,4 Cineole - Asparagine synthetase Sorgoleone - D-1 protein of Photosystem II Tricolorin A - Plasma membrane ATPase Leptospermone - 4-hydroxy phenylpyruvate dioxygenase

    Combination of Allelochemicals
    Allelochemicals generally act in combination and not in isolation Efforts should not be therefore focussed on the isolation and identification of just a single allelochemical. Juglone found in Walnut is perhaps one of the rare exception in this regard.

    Allelochemicals Ecological Roles


    In General allelochemicals affect Vegetational Patterning Succession and Invasion Community Structure and Functions Population Dynamics Biodiversity Seed Protectants and Prevention of Seed Decay

    Allelochemicals in Agriculture

    Interference with crops Soil Sickness Deterioration of Soil Quality Effect on Nitrification

    Applications of Allelochemicals
    Natural Herbicides Natural pesticides

    Biofumigants
    Growth Regulators

    Allelochemicals in Forestry
    In forestry Allelochemicals play an important role in regeneration of tree species, understorey dynamics and nutrient cycling etc.

    Allelochemicals in Fresh water Environment


    Allelochemicals play an important role in determining community structure, dominance, resource partitioning and succession. These are produced by the phytoplankters especially in the the eutrophic and mesotrophic fresh water bodies. Examples: Algae, Cyanobacteria and Macrophytes

    Allelochemicals in Marine Ecosystems


    In marine ecosystems.

    Often the toxic blooms, red tides, brown tides are associated with the presence of in situ allelochemicals

    Allelochemicals in Grasslands Changes in species composition Fodder scarcity Loss of species diversity, dominance and richness

    Allelochemicals in Horticulture
    Replant Problem Soil Sickness
    Examples: Apple (Malus pumila Miller) and Peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch) Reason: Allelochemical accumulation in soil

    Allelochemicals in Weed Management


    Volatile Essential oils Sesquiterpene lactones Benzoxazinoids Glucosinolates - Cineole - Parthenin - BOA - Isothiocyanates - Ailanthone - Sorgoleone

    Quassinoids Benzoquinone

    Allelochemicals as Growth Regulators


    Parthenin Artemisinin Cnisin
    & several other sesquiterpene lactones

    Strategies for the Discoveries of Allelochemicals


    Ethnobotanical Approach Chemical Ecology Approach Anatomical clues

    Tools for determining chemical nature


    Bioassay Directed Isolation, Analytical Instrumentation, Informatics Fractionation - driven bioassays

    Allelochemicals as Natural Pesticides and Biofumigants


    Glucosinolates AITC, BITC, PEITC Hydroxamic acids - DIMBOA Saponins alfalfa saponins

    Allelochemicals as Lead Compounds for the synthesis of New Herbicides/ Pesticides Natural Product 1,4 cineole Leptospermone Bezoxazines Qionolinic acid Herbicide Cinmethylin Triketones Banzanin Quinclorac

    Allelochemicals as Natural Signals


    Allelochemicals are fast being recognized as chemical signals These signals have practical utility in the weed management programmes Example Sorgoleone from Sorghum sp. for the control of parasitic weeds.

    What is Allelopathy?
    Term coined by Hans Molisch, a German Botanist in 1937 using two Greek words allelo and pathos meaning mutual suffering.

    But observed by Theophrastus (ca. 300 BC), Plinus Secundus (1 AD), de Candolle (1832).

    Allelopathy - Definition
    Rice (1984) defined it as any direct or

    indirect effect (stimulatory or inhibitory) of one plant (including microbes) through production of chemical compounds released in the environment.

    What are Allelochemicals?


    Chemicals released by the plants into the immediate environment, that bring about the suppression / inhibition of the surrounding vegetation.

    Variety of Chemical nature, e.g. phenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinones, etc.

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