Financial Management

Higher Business Management

 Today…
• Role of Finance
• Annual Accounts
• Trading, Profit & Loss Account
 Role and importance of
Financial Management
Efficient management of finance is crucial to
an
organisation’s success. They have to:

• Ensure adequate funds are available for

resources needed to help achieve
organisational objectives
• Ensure costs are controlled
• Ensure adequate cash flow
• Establish and control profitability levels
 Duties of Finance
• Maintain financial records
• Payment of bills and expenses
• Collection of accounts due
• Monitoring of funds
• Payment of wages and salaries
• The main role Finance provides
information for managers and
decision-makers within business
 Annual Accounts
• There are four main financial
statements used (called Final
Accounts):

• Trading account
• Profit and loss account
• Balance sheet
• Cash flow statement
 Trading, Profit & Loss
Account
• The trading account records how much
money is made from selling goods
against how much it costs to make. The
gross profit is calculated in the trading
account.

• The profit and loss account shows the

businesses incomes and expenditures.
The net profit is calculated in the profit
and loss account.
 Trading Account Format
£ £
• Turnover (or sales)
180,000
• Cost of sales
• Opening Stock 40,000
• Purchases 95,000
135,000
• Less: Closing Stock (45,000)
90,000
• GROSS PROFIT 90,000
 Profit and Loss Account
Format
£ £
• Gross Profit 90,000
• Other income
• Interest received 11,000
101,000
• Expenses
• Rent and rates 25,000
• Wages and salaries 45,000
• Insurance 2,000
72,000
• NET PROFIT 29,000
 Profit and Loss Account
Key Terms
• Trading account – provides summary of
business’s trading activity during financial
year
• Sales – monies received through selling
goods/services
• Cost of sales – cost of sales to a business
before a profit margin is added
• Opening stock – value of stock at start of
the financial period
• Closing stock – value of stock at end of
the financial period
 Profit and Loss Account
Key Terms
• Purchases – cost of goods business has
bought for resale to customers
• Purchase returns – value of goods
purchased but returned to supplier
• Sales returns – value of goods bought
by customer but returned to the firm
• Expenses – any expenses incurred by
the business in the course of normal
operation
 Interpretation of Trading,
Profit & Loss Accounts
• Was this year’s trading result good or bad,
compared with last year or with a rival
company?

• Has the Gross Profit improved this year,

compared with last year?

• Are we making efficient use of our stock?

• Does our Net Profit figure compare

favourably with those of other
 Recap…
• Role of Finance
• Annual Accounts
• Trading, Profit & Loss Account
 Today…
• Balance Sheet
• Assets
• Liabilities
• Capital
• Liquidity
• Working Capital
 Balance Sheet
• The profit and loss account shows
the history of the business activity
throughout the financial year.
• The balance sheet shows a
snapshot of a particular date in
time.

• CAPITAL = ASSETS - LIABILITIES

 Balance Sheet

Assets Liabilities &

Capital

Balanc
e
 Assets
• Assets – are what a business owns

• Fixed assets – have a lifespan of

more than one year, eg machinery,
motor vehicles

• Current Assets – are constantly

changing eg stock, debtors, bank,
cash
 Liabilities
• Liabilities – what is owed by the
business

• Current Liabilities – eg trade creditors

(suppliers of goods on credit), bank
overdraft, short-term loans (less than
1 year)

• Long-term liabilities – normally longer

than 1 year – eg mortgage, bank loan
 Capital
• Capital – provided by the owner of the
business and treated as being owned
to the owner of the business

• Profits – may increase capital

• Drawings – may decrease capital
• Reserves – monies retained by
business
 Liquidity
• Liquidity shows us whether a
business has enough assets to
cover its debts.

• Turning assets into cash to pay off

debts is what normally happens.

• Stock is the hardest to turn into

cash. Why?
 Working Capital
• Working Capital is:
• Current Assets – Current Liabilities

• If a business has too much working

capital then they are not using
their resources properly.
• If too little, then they may not be
able to pay off short term debts.
 Balance Sheet Format
• Fixed Assets
• Current Assets
 Recap…
• Balance Sheet
• Assets
• Liabilities
• Capital
• Liquidity
• Working Capital
 Today… Ratio Analysis
• What are ratios?
• Uses of ratio analysis
• Limitations of ratios
• Profitability ratios
• Liquidity ratios
• Asset usage ratios
 What are Ratios?
• Ratios are a way of comparing different
figures.
• Ratios should only be used when
comparing like with like (ie same size of
business; same industry)
• Ratios can compare results with
previous years or rival firms
• Ratios, however are historic, and do not
take into account of other factors such
as quality of workers, inflation,
economic situation
 Uses of Ratio Analysis
• Compare current performance with
previous years
• Compare performance against
similar organisations
• Identify changes in performance to
aid future actions
• Identify trends over time
 Limitations of Ratio
Analysis
• Information is historic
• Comparisons must only be made
with similar organisations (size,
industry)
• No account of external factors
(PEST)
• No account of NPD or declining
products
• No account of human factors (staff
morale, staff turnover)
 Ratios
• Profitability • Liquidity

• Gross Profit • Current Ratio

percentage • Acid Test Ratio
• Net Profit
percentage • Asset Usage
• Return on Capital • Rate of Stock
Employed (ROCE) Turnover
 Gross Profit Percentage
Gross Profit
X
Sales Revenue 100%
• Measures profit made from buying
and selling stock
• For every £1 of sales, how much profit is
made?
• Increase = more sales generated or cost
of materials have fallen
• Decrease = cost of materials may have
went up
 Net Profit Percentage
Net Profit
X
Sales Revenue 100%
• For every £1 of sales, how much
profit after expenses is made?

• Increase = handling expenses

better

• Decrease = expenses may have

went up
 Return on Capital
Employed
Net Profit (ROCE)
X
Capital 100%
Employed
• If you invest £100 in a firm how
much will you get back?

• ROCE should be measured against

interest rates. Since your savings
can make money in a high interest
bank account
 Current Ratio
Current Ratio = Current Assets:Current
Liabilities
Looks at how business can pay off its debts

A ratio of 2:1 is considered prudent, but does

not take into account stock being held.
Higher than 2:1 means money may not
being invested in the business properly
Having less than 2:1 may mean the firm is in
danger of not being able to pay off debts (too
much money tied up in stock?)
 Acid Test Ratio
• Acid Test =
• Current assets – stock: current
liabilities
This is a tougher ratio than the current
ratio because it excludes stock, since
stock is the hardest asset to transform
into cash.

This ratio should be around 1:1.

 Rate of Stock Turnover
Cost of Sales
• Stock turnover =
Average
Stock
Stock hanging around is bad for the firm.
Stock’s can go off, out of fashion or out of
date.
This ratio works out how many times stock is
used up.

Note: Average Stock is calculated by adding

 Recap… Ratio Analysis
• What are ratios?
• Uses of ratio analysis
• Limitations of ratios
• Profitability ratios
• Liquidity ratios
• Asset usage ratios
 Today…
• Cash Flow Statements
• Cash Budgets
• Cash Flow Problems
 Budgets
• Budgets are statements of
anticipated future expenditure
covering a specific time period

• Cash Budgets – show expected

receipts & payments on a monthly
basis to help assess potential cash
flow problems
 Uses of Budgets
• To monitor & control

• Gain information

• To set targets

• To delegate authority
 How budgets help
managers
• Make them accountable for
decisions
• Help check income & expenditure
• Can highlight need for corrective
action
• Help develop long term plans
• Assists with decision making
• A means of comparison with actual
results
 Cash Flow Statements
• Cash Budgets/Cash Flow Statements
contain estimated figures of cash
position of an organisation over a period
of time.
• Remember the closing balance is cash
and not profit!
• Cash Budgets are used to highlight
potential shortages or surpluses of cash
resources
Cash Budget
 Cash Budgets and Role of
Manager
Plan Borrow or not?
Organise Bulk buying? Trade discounts?
Command Departmental budgets
Coordinat Departmental reports
e
Control Measure performance
Delegate Budgets spent by Dept. Mgrs.
Motivate Giving financial control may
empower individuals
 Cash Flow Management
• Liquidity – as mentioned, to check either
shortages or surpluses of cash
resources.

• Decision-making – the role of the

manager can be aided by cash budgets.

• Projection – different variables and

scenarios can be used (on a
spreadsheet) to see what can affect the
cash position of the organisation.
 Recap…
• Cash Flow Statements
• Cash Budgets
• Cash Flow Problems
 Today…
• Users of Financial Information
• Internal Sources of Finance
• External Sources of Finance
• Additional Sources of Finance
 Users of Financial
Information
• Shareholders – can assess Board’s
performance and decide about
investment or disinvestment
• Potential Shareholders – decide
whether firm is a worthwhile risk
• Short term creditors – should credit
be granted to the firm?
• Long term creditors – should
money be lended to the firm? Will
it be paid back?
 Users of Financial
Information
• Government and local authorities – look to
directors’ report and business plan. Do
these plans affect local area?
• Competitors – compare themselves with
rivals to work out market share and if plans
conflict with their own
• Employees – can the firm pay better wages?
Is the future sound?
• Management – use info to evaluate past
performance and used to plan for future
• Customers – is firm likely to still be around?
Other concerns, eg environment
Sources of Finance
 Internal Sources of
Finance
• Retained Profits – profit kept by
company for future activities

• Selling Assets – money raised by

selling off an asset no longer
needed

• Both are Short-term

 External Sources of
Finance
• Long Term (10 years +)
• Issuing Shares – capital raised by
selling shares
• Debentures – a fixed interest long
term loan
• Loans – borrowing money, repaid
over a time period with interest
• Mortgages – a loan secured for
property
 External Sources of
Finance
• Medium Term (1-10 years)
• Leasing – renting equipment or
premises
• Hire Purchase – acquiring an asset
on credit followed by fixed
payments. After last instalment
purchaser owns asset.
• Loans
 External Sources of
Finance
• Short Term (up to 1 year)
• Overdraft – borrowing more money
than is available in bank account
• Trade Credit – businesses receive
goods first, then pay later
• Factoring – a specialist business
collecting unpaid debts for a fee
 Additional Sources of
Finance
• LEC – Scottish • Grants and
Enterprise allowances –
Renfrewshire Repayable
• Local authorities – Grants, Soft
East Renfrewshire Loans, Subsidies
Council • EU grants –
• Government Regional
Partnerships – Development
Business Gateway Fund & Social
Fund
 Recap…
• Users of Financial Information
• Internal Sources of Finance
• External Sources of Finance
• Additional Sources of Finance
a) What four main areas does financial
information cover?
b) For what purposes might a manager
use financial information?
c) List at least four characteristics of
useful financial information.
d) List at least five users of financial
information.
e) Taking the users of financial
information that you have made,
suggest a reason for each of them to
be using the information.