GS Unit 1

GEODETIC SURVEYING
(P21CV404)
What is Surveying?
“Surveying is the art and science of
determining the relative positions of
various points or stations on the
surface or below the surface of the
earth by measuring the horizontal
and vertical distances, angles, and
taking the details of these points and
by preparing a map or plan to any
suitable scale.”
Surveying
Objective of Surveying
• The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to
show the relative positions of the objects on the surface of
the earth.
• The map or plan is drawn to some suitable scale. It also
shows boundaries of districts, states, and countries too.
• It also includes details of different engineering
features such as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals
etc.
Uses of Surveying
The surveying may be used following
for purposes:
• To prepare a topographical map which
shows hills, valleys, rivers, forests, villages,
towns
• Toetc. a cadastral map which shows the
prepare
boundaries of fields, plots, houses and other
properties..
• To prepare an engineering map which shows the
position of engineering works such as buildings,
roads, railways, dams, canals.
Topographical Maps
Cadastral Map
Engineering Map
• To prepare a contour map know
to
topography of the area to find outthe
the best
possible site for roads, railways, bridges,
reservoirs, canals, etc.
• Surveying is also used to prepare military map,
geological map, archaeological map etc.
• For setting out work and transferring details
from the map on the ground.
Contour Map
Military Map
Geological Map
Archaeological Map
Primary Divisions of Surveying
• We know that the shape the
earth
of is spheroidal. Thus the surface is
curved. Surveying is primarily divided into
obviously
two types considering the curvature of the
earth‟s surface.
• Plane Surveying
• Geodetic Surveying
Primary Divisions of
Surveying
Plain Surveying
• The plain surveying is that type of surveying in which
earth surface is considered as a plane and the curvature
of the earth is ignored. In such surveying a line joining
any two stations is considered to be straight. The
triangle formed by any three points is considered as a
plane triangle, and the angles of the triangle are
considered as plain angles.
• Surveying is carried out for a small area of less than
250 km2 . It is carried out by local or state agencies like
R & B department, Irrigation department, Railway
department.
Plain Surveying
• The geodetic Surveying is that type of surveying in
which the curvature of the earth is taken into account.
• It is generally extended over larger areas. The line

joining any two stations is considered as curved line.
• The triangle formed by any three points is considered

to be spherical and the angles of the triangle are
considered to be spherical angles.
• Geodetic surveying is conducted by the survey of

India Department and is carried out for a larger area
exceeding 250 km2
Geodetic Surveying
Geodetic Surveying
Plain Surveying Vs Geodetic Surveying
No. Plain Surveying Geodetic Surveying
1 The earth surface is considered as The earth surface is considered as
plain Surface. Curved Surface.
2. The Curvature of the earth is The curvature of earth is taken into

ignored account.
3 Line joining any two stations is The line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight considered as spherical.
4. The triangle formed by any three The Triangle formed by any three points
points is considered as plain is considered as spherical.
5. The angles of triangle are The angles of the triangle are considered
considered as plain angles. as spherical angles.
6. Carried out for a small area < 250 Carried out for a large area > 250 km2
km2
Fundamental Principles of Surveying
Two basic principles of surveying are
1. Always work from whole to the part, and

2. To locate a new station by at least two
measurements ( Linear or angular) from fixed
reference points.
Work from Whole to the Part
Always work from whole to the part
 According to the first principle, the whole survey

area is first enclosed by main stations (i.e.. Control
stations) and main survey lines. The area is then
divided into a number of divisions by forming
well conditioned triangles.
 The main survey lines are measured very accurately
with precise survey instruments. The remaining sides of
the triangle are measured.
 The purpose of this method of working is to control

accumulation of errors. During measurement, if there is
any error, then it will not affect the whole work, but if
the reverse process is followed then the minor error in
measurement will be magnified.
To locate a new station by at least two
measurements
• According to the second principle the points are

located by linear or angular measurement or by
both in surveying. If two control points are
established first, then a new station can be located
by linear measurement. Let P & Q are control
points, a new point R can be established.
Fundamental Principles of
Surveying
Following are the methods of locating point R
from such reference points P & Q. The distance
PQ can be measured accurately and the relative
positions of the point can be then plotted on the
sheet to some scale.
(a) Distances PR and QR can be measured and point R
can be plotted by swinging the two arcs to the same
scale to which PQ has been plotted.
(b) A perpendicular RS can be dropped on the reference
line PQ and lengths PS and SR are measured. The
point R can then be plotted using set square.
(c) The distance QR and the angle PQR can be
measured and point R is plotted by means of a
protractor or trigonometrically.
(d) In this method, the distances PR and QR are not
measured but angle RPQ and angle RQP are
measured with an angle measuring instrument.
Knowing the distance PQ, point R is plotted either by
means of a protractor or by solution of triangle PQR.
(e) Angle RQP and the distance PR are measured and
point R is plotted either by protracting an angle and
swinging an arc from P or plotted trigonometrically.
Classification of Surveying
Survey can be classified into various categories

depending on methods used and nature of the
field.
• Based on Instruments
• Based on nature of field work
• Based on object/purpose
Based on Instruments
• Chain survey
• Compass survey
• Traverse survey
• Theodolite survey
• Triangulation survey
• Plane table survey
• Compass survey
• Levelling
• Aerial survey
Chain Survey
This is the simplest type of surveying in

which only linear measurements are made
with a chain or a tape. Angular
measurements are not taken.
Chain Survey
Compass Survey
• InCompass Survey, the bearings are

measured with the help of a magnetic compass.
Compass Survey
Compass Survey
Compass Survey
Plane Table Surveying
• It is a graphical method of surveying in which

field works and plotting both are done
simultaneously.
Theodolite Survey
• In theodolite survey the horizontal angles are

measured with the theodolite more precisely
than compass and the linear measurements are
made with a chain or tape.
Theodolite Survey
Tachometry Survey
A special type of theodolite known as

tachometer is used to determine horizontal and
vertical distances indirectly.
Leveling Survey
This type of survey is used to determine the

vertical distances (elevations) and relative
heights of points with the help of an instrument
known as level.
Tachometry Survey
Tachometry Survey
Tachometry Survey
Levelling Survey
Levelling Survey
Levelling Survey
Photogrammetric Survey
Photogrammetry is the science of taking

measurements with the help of photographs
taken by aerial camera from the air craft.
EDM Survey
In this type of survey all measurements

(length, angles, co-ordinates) are made with
the help of EDM instrument ( i.e.. Total
Station).
EDM Survey
EDM Survey
EDM Survey
Triangulation
Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the

area to be surveyed is large, triangulation is adopted.
The entire area is divided into network of triangles.
Traversing
A Traversing is circuit of survey lines. It may be

open or closed. When the linear measurements are
done with a chain and a tape and the directions or
horizontal angles are measured with a compass or a
theodolite respectively the survey is called
traversing.
Triangulati
on
Traversing
Classification based on Purpose
Geological Survey
In this both surface and subsurface surveying

are conducted to locate different minerals and
rocks. In addition, geological features of the
terrain such as folds and faults are located.
Geological Maps
Engineering Survey
Surveys which are done to provide sufficient

data for the design of engineering projects
such as highways, railways, water supply,
sewage disposal, bridges etc.
Reconnaissance survey
It includes collection of existing maps of the

area, tracing the relevant map portion over a
paper incorporating the details of the area if
missing by conducting rough survey.
Mine Survey
Mine Survey includes include both surface and

underground surveys. It is conducted for the
exploration of mineral deposits and to guide
tunneling and other operations associated with
mining.
Mine Survey
Archaeological Survey
It is conducted to locate relics of antiquity,

civilization, kingdoms, forts, temples, etc.
Military Survey
It has a very important and critical applications in

the military. Aerial surveys are conducted for this
purpose. It is conducted to locate strategic
positions for the purpose of army operations.
Archaeological Survey
Military Survey
Classification based on Nature of field
Land Survey
Land Survey is done on land to prepare plan and

maps of a given area. Topographical, city and
cadastral surveys are some of the examples of land
surveying.
Hydrological Surveying
This survey is conducted on or near the body of

water such as lake, river, coastal area. This Survey
consists of locating shore lines of water bodies.
Land Survey
Hydrological Surveying
Hydrological Maps Hydrological Maps

Astronomical Survey
This survey is conducted for the determining of

latitudes, longitudes, azimuths, local time, etc. for
various places on earth by observing heavenly
bodies ( sun or the stars).
Aerial Survey
An aerial survey is conducted from aircraft.

Aerial cameras take photographs of the surface of
the earth in overlapping strips of land. This is
also known as photographic survey.
Astronomical Survey
Aerial Survey
Plan and
Maps
One of the basic objective of surveying is to prepare plans
and maps.
Plan
• A plan is the graphical representation to some scale, of the
features on, near or below the surface of the earth as
projected on a horizontal plane. The horizontal plane is
represented by plane of drawing sheets on which the plan is
drawn to some scale. However the surface of the earth is
curved it cannot be truly represented on a plane without
distortion. In plane surveying the area involved are small,
the earth‟s surface may be considered as plane and hence
plan is constructed by orthographic projections. A plan is
drawn on a relatively large scale.
Plan and
Maps
Map
• If the scale of the graphical projection on a
horizontal plane is small, the plan is called a map.
Thus graphical representation is called a plan if
the scale is large while it is called a map if the
scale is small.
• On plan, generally only horizontal distances and
directions or angles are shown. On topographical
map, however the vertical distances (elevations)
are also represented by contour lines.
Plan
Map
Reconnaissance survey:
The reconnaissance survey is an extensive
study of an entire area that might be used for a
road or airfield.
Its purpose is to eliminate those routes or sites

which are impractical or unfeasible and to
identify the more promising routes or sites.
Existing maps and aerial photographs may be of

great help.

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GEODETIC SURVEYING

• It is generally extended over larger areas. The line

• The triangle formed by any three points is considered

• Geodetic surveying is conducted by the survey of

2. The Curvature of the earth is The curvature of earth is taken into

Two basic principles of surveying are

1. Always work from whole to the part, and

Always work from whole to the part

 According to the first principle, the whole survey

 The purpose of this method of working is to control

• According to the second principle the points are

Survey can be classified into various categories

This is the simplest type of surveying in

• InCompass Survey, the bearings are

• It is a graphical method of surveying in which

• In theodolite survey the horizontal angles are

A special type of theodolite known as

This type of survey is used to determine the

Photogrammetry is the science of taking

In this type of survey all measurements

Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the

A Traversing is circuit of survey lines. It may be

In this both surface and subsurface surveying

Surveys which are done to provide sufficient

It includes collection of existing maps of the

Mine Survey includes include both surface and

It is conducted to locate relics of antiquity,

It has a very important and critical applications in

Land Survey is done on land to prepare plan and

This survey is conducted on or near the body of

Hydrological Maps Hydrological Maps

This survey is conducted for the determining of

An aerial survey is conducted from aircraft.

Its purpose is to eliminate those routes or sites

Existing maps and aerial photographs may be of

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