Analog to Digital Converter

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Denis BISSIERES Ian CAMPBELL Yohan LESPERAT LESPERAT

Mechatronics - Fall 04

Contents
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

What is ADC ?
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Definition Examples of use Conversion process Accuracy

Definition
Most signals we want to process are analog i.e.: they are continuous and can take an inifinity of values

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

x(t)

Definition
Digital systems require discrete digital data ADC converts an analog information into a digital information

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Analog

Digital

Digital System

Examples of use
Voltmeter
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

7.77 V

Cell phone (microphone) Wave

Voice

Conversion process
3 steps: Sampling Quantification Coding These operations are all performed in a same element: the A to D Converter

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Conversion process: Sampling

Digital system works with discrete states The signal is only defined at determined times The sampling times are proportional to the sampling period (Ts)
x(t) Ts x(t) xs(t) xs(t=k*Ts)

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Ts

Conversion process: Quantification

The signal can only take determined values Belonging to a range of conversion ( Vr) Based on number of bit combinations that the converter can output Number of possible states: N=2n where n is number of bits Resolution: Q= Vr/N
xs(t) xq(t) Q Vr

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Ts

Conversion process: Coding

Assigning a unique digital word to each sample Matching the digital word to the input signal

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

xq(t)
N-1 N-2

Q
2 1 0

Vr

Ts

Accuracy

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

The accuracy of an ADC can be improved by increasing: The sampling rate (Ts) The resolution (Q)

Accuracy
xq(t) Q

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs

Ts
HC11 & ADC

Higher Sampling rate

xq(t) xq(t) Q

Higher Resolution

Ts

Sampling rate
Nyquist-Shannon theorem: Minimum sampling rate should be at least twice the highest data frequency of the analog signal fs>2*fmax

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Sampling rate
Analog signals are composed of an infinity of harmonics
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Need to limit the frequency band to its useful part Use of an analog filter
Analog Filter

Analog

Analog

ADC

Digital

In practice: fs (35)*ffilter

Example
8 bits converter: n=8 Range of conversion: Vr=5V
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Sampling time: Ts=1ms Number of possible states: N=28=256 Resolution: Q= Vr/N=19.5 mV Analog Filter: ffilter fs/5 = 200 Hz 5 255
Gain f

0 Analog

0 Digital

Types of ADCs
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Flash ADC Sigma-delta ADC Dual slope converter Successive approximation converter

Flash ADC

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

parallel A/D Uses a series of comparators Each comparator compares Vin to a different reference voltage, starting w/ Vref = 1/2 lsb

Flash ADC

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Comparator is one use of an Op-Amp

VIN VREF + VOUT

If

Output

VIN > VREF High VIN < VREF Low

Flash ADC

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Advantages Very fast

Disadvantages Needs many parts (255 comparators for 8-bit ADC) Lower resolution Expensive Large power consumption

SigmaSigma-Delta ADC
Integrator
Vin
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

+ -

1-bit DAC

+ -

Digital low-pass filter

Sample decimator Serial output

Oversampler

Oversampled input signal goes in the integrator Output of integration is compared to GND Iterates to produce a serial bitstream Output is serial bit stream with # of 1s proportional to Vin

SigmaSigma-Delta ADC

Advantages
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Disadvantages Slow due to oversampling

High resolution No precision external components needed

Dual Slope converter

Vin tFIX
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

tmeas

The sampled signal charges a capacitor for a fixed amount of time By integrating over time, noise integrates out of the conversion. Then the ADC discharges the capacitor at a fixed rate while a counter counts the ADC's output bits. A longer discharge time results in a higher count.

Dual Slope converter

Advantages
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Disadvantages
Slow High precision external components required to achieve accuracy

Input signal is averaged Greater noise immunity than other ADC types High accuracy

Successive Approximation
Is Vin > ADC range? + SAR 1000 0000 0100 DAC Out
Sets MSB Converts MSB to analog using DAC Compares guess to input Set bit Test next bit

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

VIN

If no, then test next bit

Successive Approximation

Advantages
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Disadvantages
Higher resolution successive approximation ADCs will be slower Speed limited ~5Msps

Capable of high speed Medium accuracy compared to other ADC types Good tradeoff between speed and cost

ADC Types Comparison

ADC Resolution Comparison Dual Slope
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Flash Successive Approx Sigma-Delta 0 5 10 15 Resolution (Bits) 20 25

Type Dual Slope Flash Successive Appox Sigma-Delta

Speed (relative) Cost (relative) Slow Very Fast Medium Fast Slow Med High Low Low

HC11 & ADC

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Structure of the acquisition ADCTL Register Option Register Data conversion Acquistion

Structure of the acquisition

Port E (analog input) 8 channels
PE0 AN0 PE1

8-bits CAPACITIVE DAC WITH SAMPLE AND HOLD SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION REGISTER AND CONTROL
ANALOG MUX

VRH

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

AN1 PE2 AN2 PE3 AN3 PE4 AN4 PE5 AN5 PE6

VRL

INTERNAL DATA BUS

CA CB CC CD MULT SCAN

CCF

AN6 PE7 AN7

ADCTL A/D CONTROL

RESULT REGISTER INTERFACE

ADR1

ADR2

ADR3

ADR4
P 64 M68HC11 Family Data Sheet

Structure of the acquisition

8 channel/bit input VRL = 0 volts VRH = 5 volts Digital input on P

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Port E (analog input) Analog Multiplexer Result Register Interface ADR1 - result 1 ADR2 - result 2 ADR3 - result 3 ADR4 - result 4

A/D Converter

ADCTL Register
ADCTL ($1030)
Reset to:

CCF
0

0
0

SCAN MULT CD
u u u

CC CB
u u

CA
u

MULT - Single or multiple channel

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

0: Sample a single channel (four times) 1: Sample four channels

CD,CC,CB,CA - Channel selection

If MULT is 0, then CC-CA bits specify the channel If MULT is 1, then CC specifies the group: 0: Sample AN0-AN3, 1: Sample AN4-AN7 CD is reserved for factory test use

CCF - Conversion Complete Flag

Set when all four conversions are complete Cleared by writing to ADCTL - starts the next conversion

SCAN - Continuous scan mode

0: Take one set of four conversions and stop 1: Continually perform new conversions

ADCTL Register
ADR# Behavior
Single Channel (MULT = 0) Single Conversion (SCAN = 0) Continuous Conversion (SCAN = 1)
One channel converted 4 times consecutively. The results are stored in ADR1-ADR4 One channel is continuously converted. ADR1ADR4 overwritten

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Multiple Channel (MULT = 1)

4 channels converted once. The results are stored in ADR1ADR4 4 channels are continuously converted. ADR1ADR4 overwritten

Single Channel
7
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

PORT E ADR1 Result1 Result Register Interface ADR2 Result2 ADR3 Result3 ADR4 Result4

A/D Converter

Multiple Channels
7
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

PORT E ADR1 Result1 Result Register Interface ADR2 Result2 ADR3 Result3 ADR4 Result4

A/D Converter

ADCTL Register
Conversion Sequence E Clock cycles:
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Sample (12) ADCTL write (1)

Bit 7 (4) 6 (2) _ (2) 0 (2) End (2) Successive approximation

1st, ADR1 0

2nd, ADR2 32

3rd, ADR3 64

4th, ADR4 96

CCF 128 total

ADCTL Register
A/D Result Registers (ADR1 ADR4):
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

ADR1 = $1031 ADR2 = $1032 ADR3 = $1033 ADR4 = $1034

ADCTL Register
A/D Channel Assignment
CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CC 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 CB 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 CA 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Channel Signal Mult =1, ADR If PE0 ADR1 PE1 ADR2 PE2 ADR3 PE3 ADR4 PE4 ADR1 PE5 ADR2 PE6 ADR3 PE7 ADR4 Reserved ADR1 Reserved ADR2 Reserved ADR3 Reserved ADR4 VH ADR1 VL ADR2 1/2 VH ADR3 Reserved ADR4
P447 Reference Manual

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

ADCTL Register
ADR# Behavior
What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Single Channel (MULT = 0)

The Channel is selected by CA, CB, CC

Multiple Channel (MULT = A)

The group of Channels is selected by CC only

Option Register
Options Register ($1039)
ADPU CSEL IRQE DLY CME CR1 CR0

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Bit:

ADPU = A/D power up CSEL = Clock Select IRQE = Config. IRQ DLY = Enable start-up delay

CME = Clock Monitor Bit 2 = not implemented CR1 = COP Timer Rate CR2 = COP Timer Rate

Option Register
ADPU - A/D Charge Pump
0: Turn off the A/D 1: Turn on the A/D (by enabling the charge pump) Note: Wait at least 100 microseconds before using the A/D (This is 200 cycles at a 2MHz E-clock)

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

CSEL - A/D Clock select

0: Use the E-clock for the A/D 1: Use a special internal A/D clock that runs at around 2MHz Note: If the E-clock is 750KHz or higher, CSEL should be 0. Otherwise CSEL should be 1.

DLY Delay
0 = No delay is used and MCU resumes within approx. 4 cycles. 1 = 4000 E clock cycle delay imposed to allow crystal stabilization

Data conversion
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Bit 0

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

% (1)

50%

25%

12.5%

6.25%

3.12%

1.56%

0.78%

0.39%

Volts (2) Volts (3)

2.500

1.250

0.625

0.3125

0.1562

0.0781

0.0391

0.0195

1.65

0.825*

0.4125

0.2063

0.1031

0.0516

0.0258

0.0129

v 2 1

v 2 2

v 2 3

v 2 4

v 2 5 v 2 6 v 2 7

v 2 8

(1) %of VRH-VRL, (2) VRH=5 VRL=0, (3) VRH=3.3 VRL=0

Page 41 of the programming reference guide

Data conversion

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

MAX : .1111 1111 = .FF16 = 0.9960937510 = 99.6093 % Resolution : .0000 0001 = .0116 = 0.0039062510 = 0.3906 % MIN : .0000 0000 = 016 = 010=0 %

Data conversion

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Some additional notes:

0V <= analog input <= 5V Charge pump allows VRH max 6-7V VRL and VRH convert to $00 and $FF Digital input of Port E pins not recommended during A/D sample time

Acquisition
OPTION ($1039) ADPU CSEL IREQ DLY CME ADCTL ($1030) CCF 0 SCAN MULT CD 0 CR1 CR2 CA CC CB

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

OPTION ADCTL ADR1 ORG

LOOP

WAIT

EQU $1039 EQU $1030 EQU $1031 $1040 ADPU=1,CSEL=0 LDAA #$80 STAA OPTION LDY #$411A NOP Delay for charge pump to stabilize 100s NOP NOP DEY BNE LOOP LDAA #$00 SCAN=0,MULT=0,CHAN GRP=00 STAA ADCTL LDX #ADCTL Wait until CCF or bit 7=1 BRCLR 0,X #$80 WAIT LDAA ADR1 Read and store result PSHA JSR $4000 SWI END

Acquisition
Subroutine output to the screen the decimal equivalence of the stack : ORG PULY PULB CLRA LDX IDIV STAB XGDX LDX IDIV STAB XGDX TBA $4000 JSR LDAA JSR LDAA JSR PSHY RTS $FFB5 $0001 $FFB5 $0000 $FFB5
Subroutines Outrhlf, convert to ASCII Number and output to screen first the hundreds number, the tens and then units number

#$000A $0000 #$000A $0001

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

First Integer Division Store remainder of the first division Second Integer Division Store result to ACCA and remainder to memory of the second division

(NOTE: Remember that ACCA is the high byte of ACCD and ACCB is the low byte of ACCD. Return address used for JSR and RTS is stored in INDEX Y in the subroutine)

A number between 000 and 255 will be print on the screen. If it is 255 -> 100 % 000 -> 0 %

What is ADC ? Types of ADCs HC11 & ADC

Questions ?