STARTER GRAMMAR TGI [Autosaved]

TOEFL Galaxy International Organization
GRAMMAR
SECTION
Alphabet letters
‫حروف الفبا‬
The English alphabet consists of 26 letters.
‫ حرف است‬26 ‫حروف زبان انگلیسی شامل‬.
1. capital letters ‫حروف بزرگ‬
2. small letters ‫حروف کوچک‬
Capital & small Letters‫حروف بزرگ و کوچک‬
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg
Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt
Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
How to pronounce the alphabet sounds
ABCDE
FGHIJK
LMNOP
QRSTU
VWXW
YZ
Compound letters ‫حروف‬
‫ترکیبی‬
Compound
letters are • Two letters (Sh, ch, kh,
group of th, ph)
letters which • More than two letters
give a specific (Tion, ture, sion, ssion)
sound
Sh ‫ش‬ Th ‫ث‬/‫ظ‬ Kh ‫خ‬
1. This ‫این‬
1. Push ‫تیله کردن‬ 2. That ‫آن‬
2. Sharif 3. Father ‫پدر‬ 1. Khan
3. Shah Ali 4. Thank you 2. Khabir
4. Sharp ‫تیز‬ ‫تشکر‬ 3. Khaibar
5. Share ‫شریک‬ 5. Think ‫فکر‬ 4. Khan Ali
‫کردن‬ ‫کردن‬ 5. Kheyam
6. Shirt ‫یخن قاق‬ 6. Three ‫سه‬
Ph ‫ف‬ Gh ‫گ‬/‫غ‬ Zh ‫ژ‬
1. Phone‫تلفن‬
1. Ghulam
2. Photo ‫عکس‬
2. Ghani 1. Zhala
3. Phrase ‫عبارت‬
3. Afghanistan 2. Arzhang
4. Phase
4. Ghor 3. Bezhan
‫فاز‬/‫مرحله‬
5. Ghost ‫ارواح‬
5. Physics ‫فزیک‬
Ch ‫ش‬ Ch ‫ک‬ Ch ‫چ‬
1. Machine
1. Chair‫چوکی‬
‫ماشین‬
1. School ‫مکتب‬ 2. Chin ‫زنخ‬
2. Chef ‫سر آشپز‬
2. Schedule 3. Check ‫بررسی‬
3. Avalanche ‫برف‬
‫تقسیم اوقات‬ ‫کردن‬
‫کوچ‬
4. Cheek ‫کومه‬
4. Pistachio ‫پسته‬
5. Chart ‫جدول‬
Su ‫ش‬ Du ‫ج‬ Ture‫چر‬
1. Sugar ‫بوره‬ 1. Education
1. Nature‫طبعیت‬
2. Sure ‫یقینا‬ ‫تحصیالت‬
2. Schedule
2. Picture
3. Suit ‫دریشی‬ 3. ‫تقسیم اوقات‬
‫تصویر‬
4. Surgery ‫جراحی‬ 4. Educated
3. Future ‫آینده‬
5. Surgeon ‫جراع‬ 5. ‫با سواد‬
Tion
Sion ‫ژن‬
‫شن‬
1. Action
2. Completion
1. Decision
3. Graduation
2. Vision
4. Option
3. Circumcision
5. Reaction
VOWELS‫حروف صدا دار‬
When sounding vowels, your breath flows freely through the mouth.
A
E
I
O
U
Noun ‫اسم‬
Nouns are the name of people, things, places, animals,
ideas.
John,
Robert America,
Balkh, Car, book (Cat, Joy ‫لذت‬
, Ali, phone Dog,
Fatima School, Anger ‫خشم‬
Paris, bottle Elephan Beauty ‫زیبایی‬
, Mazar, table t, Horse, Peace ‫صلح‬
Father Herat, Charger Rabbit) Security ‫امنیت‬
, Boy, Class
Girl
EXAMPLES
1. My name is Mark.
2. Her is name is Sofia.
3. Come ALI, let’s go for a walk.
4. Albert Einstein was born in Germany.
5. I was born in Kabul.
6. This computer is nice.
7. We need water to drink.
8. They buy a car.
9. She has a notebook.
10. He has a some money.
Exercises
Find the proper and common nouns in these examples.
‫اسامی خاص و عام را در این جمالت تشخیص دهید‬
1. his name is Basir.

2. Sofia is a good girl.
3. Our father is a doctor.
4. Ronaldo was born in Portugal.
5. Leonal Messi was born in Argentine.
6. This cat is small.
7. We drink juice.
8. Taher is a football player.
9. Lion is a big animal.
10. Mazar is a wonderful city.
Common nouns‫اسم های عام‬
proper nouns ‫اسم های خاص‬
Common nouns Proper nouns
1. Teacher‫ معلم‬/ ‫استاد‬ 1. Farid
2. Student ‫ محصل‬/ ‫شاگرد‬ 2. Basir
3. Pen ‫قلم‬ 3. Balkh
4. Car ‫موتر‬ 4. Mazar
5. Lion ‫شیر‬ 5. Kabul
6. Monkey ‫شادی‬/‫میمون‬ 6. Afghanistan
7. Donkey ‫خر‬/‫االغ‬/‫مرکب‬ 7. Shah Rukh Khan
8. Mouse ‫موش‬ 8. Salman Khan
9. Earth ‫زمین‬ 9. Leonal Messi
10. Sun ‫آفتاب‬ 10. Cristiano Ronaldo
Exercise
1. Facebook
- Proper noun
- Common noun
2. Nawid
- Common noun
- Proper nouns
3. Mobile
- Common noun
- Proper noun
4. Chair
- common noun
- Proper noun
Exercise
1. Engineer
- Proper noun
- Common noun
2. Mother
- Common noun
- Proper nouns
3. Muhammad
- Common noun
- Proper noun
4. Battery
- common noun
- Proper noun
Nouns are divided into two parts:
• Countable nouns:
• (Book, Pen, Hat, Students, Chair, Computer, Boy, Shop,
Cat, ...)
• Uncountable nouns:
• (Water, Oil, Hair, Afghanistan, Money, Sugar, Star…)
• Countable nouns are in two types:

• Singular: (Boat, Potato, Apple, Orange…)
• Plural: (Boats, Potatoes, Apples, Oranges…)
Pluralization of nouns
• We add s/es to make them plural.
• Car cars
• Book books
• Table tables
• Bus buses
• Glass glasses
• City cities
• University universities
Rules of pluralizing nouns
• Rule #1
• Most of the nouns only take ‘s’ to get plural.
• Books
• Tables
• Computers
• Keys
• Boards
• Chairs
• Rule #2
• Nouns ending in “O, S, SS, X, Z, SH, CH” we add “es”
• Bus buses
• Glass glasses
• Flash flashes
• Watch watches
• Fox foxes
• Rule #3
• If a noun is ending in consnat+y, we change the “y” to “i” and add
“es”.
• University universities
• City cities
• Lady ladies
• Baby babies
• Country countries
• Rule #4
• Nouns ending in –f and –fe we change f and fe to v and add “es”.
•
• Knife Knives
• Leaf Leaves
• Shelf Shelves
• Wife Wives
• Wolf wolves
• Some nouns do not take s,es in a plural form. They change their
form.
• Tooth – teeth
• Foot – feet
• Child – children
• Man – men
• Woman – women
Indefinite article
• A book
• An apple
• An orange
• A pear
• A pen
• A cat
• An umbrella
• A ducl
Practice
in the following words.(a & an) Use •
• ___ whiteboard 7. ___table

• ___uncle 8. ___curtain
• ___ duster 9. ___fish
• ___wall 10. ___star
• ___lion 11. ___elephant
• ___ant 12. ___door
‫) حرف تعریف معین‬Definite article(
)The(
• Points to specific or particular nouns.

•
• The car is nice. (‘the’ car refers to a specific car).
• Let’s go to the room. (‘the’ refers to a specific room).
• I read the book tonight. (the) refers to a specific book).
Practice
• ……… book is English. (an/the)
• ……… Ahmad is a good boy. (the/-)
• ……… apple is sweet. (a/the)
• …….. box is full of money. (the/an)
• …….. kite is in the sky. (the/an)
Sample
• Ali has a car. He washes the car every week.
The car is from Ford Company and it is very
fast. Also, the car runs very well. And the car
very expensive.
Subject pronouns
prevent the repetition of nouns. They make sentences
shorter and nicer.
He is a police. (He is the subject)
Ali runs very fast. (Ali is the subject).
Our father has a nice car. (Our father is the subject).
She works for a bank. (She is the subject).
They are brothers. (They is the subject).
Subject pronouns
We have two types of subjects
1. Singular: (He, she, it, Aref, Balkh)
2. Plural: (We, you, they, I, Ali and Aref)
I am a teacher.
You are a student.
He is a doctor.
• Find the subjects:
1. She is a good doctor.
2. The teacher is very intelligent.
3. He has a black computer.
4. This is a book.
5. It is an eagle.
6. Afghanistan is a nice country.
7. This is an English book.
8. They are Afghan boys.
9. We are students at TOEFL GALAXY.
10.Basir is a doctor, but Nawid is an engineer.
To be verbs:
Is ‫است‬
Am ‫هستم‬
Are ‫ هستند‬،‫ هستیم‬،‫هستید‬
I am I’m I am a teacher.
You are You’re You are a doctor.
We are We’re We are brothers.
They are They’re They are from Kabul.
He is He’s He is my friend.
She is She’s She is a good girl.
It is It’s It is a cat.
To be verbs:
Is ‫است‬
Am ‫هستم‬
I am I’m I’m a teacher.

You are You’re You’re a doctor.
We are We’re We’re brothers.
They are They’re They’re from Kabul.
He is He’s He’s my friend.
She is She’s She’s a good girl.
It is It’s It’s a cat.
To be verbs:
Is not ‫نیست‬
Am not ‫نیستم‬
Are not ‫ نیستند‬،‫ نیستیم‬،‫نیستید‬
I am not I’m not I’m not a teacher.

You are not You’re not You’re not a doctor.
We are not We’re not We’re not brothers.
They are not They’re not They’re not from Kabul.
He is not He’s not He’s not my friend.
She is not She’s not She’s not a good girl.
It is not It’s not It’s not a cat.
To be verbs:
Is ‫است‬
Am ‫هستم‬
am I I am a teacher.
Are you You are a doctor.
Are we We are brothers.
Are they They are from Kabul.
Is he He is my friend.
Is she She is a good girl.
Is it It is a cat.
‫‪Practice‬‬
‫است ‪Is‬‬
‫هستم ‪Am‬‬
‫هستید‪ ،‬هستیم‪ ،‬هستند ‪Are‬‬
‫……‪..‬‬ ‫• من یک اشپز هستم‪.‬‬

‫………………………………………‪..‬‬
‫• شما یک معلم هستید‪.‬‬
‫………………………………………‪..……..‬‬
‫• او یک مرد است‪.‬‬
‫……………………………………‪..………..‬‬
‫• او یک خانم است‪.‬‬
‫…………………………………‪..…………..‬‬
EXERCISES
1. She ……..a good server. (is, are)
2. They ……great drivers. (are, is).
3. I …..an English teacher at TGI. (am, is).
4. They …….students at TGI. (are, is).
5. My brother ……in Germany. (are, is).
6. Her father ……a nice person. (is, are).
7. Your friends ……very kind. (is, are).
8. Ali and Nawid ……brothers and classmates. (is, are).
9. Afghanistan and Iran ……neighbors. (is, are).
10.The United States of America …….a powerful country. (is, are).
Subject pronouns with (have / has)
1. Show possession and relationship
I 1.I have a Lamborghini.

WE 2.We have a big house in the city.
THEY HAVE 3.You have a good personality.
YOU 4.They have three cars.
ALI AND BASIR
HE 1.He has a blue jeep.
SHE 2.She has a nice toy.
HAS
IT 3.It has a long tail.
ALI 4.Ali has a red t-shirt.
Examples
• I have a brother.
• We have a nice country.
• They have a wonderful view of the beach.
• Our teacher has the best teaching method.
• Ali and Bob have a great style.
• He has a big car.
• She has a nice cooking style.
• It has a long tail.
• Tom has a father and he has an iPhone.
• Afghanistan has 34 provinces.
Exercises with ‘Have,
Has’
• He …………a black umbrella.
• She …………a tall brother.
• They ………..an English book.
• Balkh …………..14 districts.
• Mazar …………an abnormal weather.
• My computer ………..500gb storage.
• Our school ……………..17 classes.
• This phone …………..a silver color.
• Ali and Basir ………….a good teacher.
• Ahmad and I …………a Dari notebook
Object ‫مفعول‬
• They take an action.
Subject pronouns Object pronouns

•I •Me ‫ به من‬/ ‫مرا‬
•We
•You •Us ‫ به ما‬/ ‫ما را‬
•They
•She •You ‫ به شما‬/ ‫شما را‬
•He
•It •Them‫ به انها‬/ ‫انها را‬
Object Pronouns
- They are as follows: (ME, YOU, US, THEM, HIM, HER, IT)
• We help them.
• My parents give me money.
• I teach the students.
• I call you.
• My mother cooks a pizza for her.
• He has a cat. He feeds it.
• She has a mother. She helps her.
• I have a computer. I love it.
• We have a good teacher. We like him.
• I have intelligent students. I teach them.
Who drinks water? ‫کی آب می‬
‫نوشد؟‬
‫کی کتاب را ?‪Who takes a book‬‬
‫می گیرد؟‬
‫‪Who‬‬
‫‪pushes the‬‬
‫?‪door‬‬
‫کی دروازه را‬

‫تیله می کند؟‬
Exercises
1. Fatima is my sister. I help ……
- Her
- Him
2.My father is very rich. Everyone respects ……
- Him
- Me
3. Your little twin brothers are cute. We love ……
- Us
- them
Exercises
1. Ali is our teacher. We respect ……
- Her
- Him
2.My friends are kind. I like ……
- Them
- Me
3. The cat is small. We love ……
- Us
- It
‫‪1.‬‬‫برس کردن ‪Brush‬‬
‫توته کردن ‪2. Chop‬‬
‫گرفتن ‪3. Grab‬‬
‫نگهداشتن ‪4.Hold‬‬
‫تک تک کردن ‪5. Knock‬‬
‫چاپی کردن ‪6. Massage‬‬
‫آهسته دست زدن به ‪7. Pat‬‬
‫چندی کندن ‪8. pinch‬‬
‫با مشت زدن ‪9. punch‬‬
‫ساییدن‪/‬مالیدن ‪10. rub‬‬
‫خراشیدن ‪11. scratch‬‬
‫سیلی زدن ‪12. slap‬‬
‫‪13. snap‬‬
‫له کردن‪/‬دوشیدن ‪14. squeeze‬‬
‫نوازش دادن ‪15. stroke‬‬

‫ضربات اهسته و ‪16. tap‬‬
‫پیوسته زدن‬
‫قطقطک دادن ‪17. Tickle‬‬

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TOEFL Galaxy International Organization

1. his name is Basir.

• Countable nouns are in two types:

• _ whiteboard 7. _table

• Points to specific or particular nouns.

I am I’m I’m a teacher.

I am not I’m not I’m not a teacher.

‫……‪..‬‬ ‫• من یک اشپز هستم‪.‬‬

I 1.I have a Lamborghini.

Subject pronouns Object pronouns

‫کی دروازه را‬

‫نوازش دادن ‪15. stroke‬‬

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