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    Module 3 Part 2

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    okeziedavid02

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    Module 3 Part 2

    Uploaded by

    okeziedavid02
    7 views13 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    7 views13 pages

    Module 3 Part 2

    Uploaded by

    okeziedavid02

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 13

    AC Bridges

    AC circuits are similar to the


    Wheatstone bridge, but they
    are used to measure
    inductance and capacitance,
    in addition to resistance.
    Generally an AC bridge
    consists of four arms, a source
    of excitation and a balance
    detector sensitive to ac voltages,
    used in ac bridges instead of
    battery and a galvanometer used
    in DC bridges. Each arm of the
    bridge has an impedance. For
    power frequency measurements
    the main supply is used as a
    source for ac bridge.
    Figure 3: AC Bridge Circuit
    In fig.3 the impedance are represented by bridge
    quantities, Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4. The principle is to
    obtain a balanced so that G gives a null reading
    when
    VAB = VAD
    In both magnitude and phase. Since no current
    flows through the detector G at balance, then,
    I1 Z1 = I2Z2
    i.e. I1 = v
    z1 + z 3

    And I2 = V
    Z2+Z4
    VZ1 = VZ2
    Z1+Z3 Z2+Z4

    Zi (Z2+Z4) = Z2 (Z 1 + Z2)
    Z1Z2 + Z1Z4 = Z1Z2 + Z2Z3
    Z1 = Z 3
    Z2 Z4

    i.e |Z1| <1 = | Z3|< 3


    |Z2|<2 |Z4|< 4
    The condition to be satisfied are
    |Z1| = |Z3|
    |Z2| |Z4|
    And 1- 2 = 3 - 4
    A solution may be obtained for any bridge by
    rearranging these equations and separately
    equating the real and imaginary parts.
    Example of a. c. bridges are
    i) Maxwell bridge
    ii) Heaviside
    iii) Owen
    iv) De sauty
    v) Wien
    2.7.1 Maxwell Bridge
    (Measuring Inductance)

    L1 is the self inductance to be measured. R 1 is


    the resistance of the inductance R21R3 and R4
    are known resistances. C4 is a standard
    capacitor Balance is obtained by varying C 4 and
    R4 at balance,
    Z1 = Z2 or Z1 = Z3
    Z3 = Z 4 Z2 Z4
    Z1 = R2 + jwL1
    Z2 = R 2
    Z3 = R 4
    Z4 = 1
    1

    R4+ jwC4
    = R4
    I+jwR 4C4
    R1 + jwL1 = R2 1 + jwc4
    R3 R4

    = R2 + jwR2C4 R4
    Equating real parts
    R1 = R2
    R3 R4
    R1 = R2R3
    Note that L = jwL
    C=I
    jwc j = -1
    R=R
    Equating imaginary parts
    jwL1 = jwR2C4

    R3
    L1 = R2R3C4
    The imaginary factors
    Q = wL / R
    Q = wL1 = wR2R3C4
    R1 = R2R3 / R4
    Q = wR4C4
    W =2f f=50HZ
    W =250
    2.7.2 Desauty Bridge (Measuring
    Capacitance)

    C1 is the capacitance to be measured. C2 is a


    standard capacitor.
    R1 and R2 are non-inductive resistor at balance,
    R1 1 = R2 1
    jwC1 jwC2
    C1 = R2 C2
    R1
    The balance is difficult to obtain in this bridge if
    the capacitances have dielectric losses.
    2.7.3 WIEN BRIDGE

    C1 is the capacitance to be measured and it has


    a shunt resistance R1. C2 is a standard air
    capacitance. R2, R3 and R4 are non-inductive
    resistors.
    Balance is obtained by varying R2, R3
    and R4
    at balance
    Z1 = Z 3 Z1Z4 = Z2Z3
    Z2 Z 4
    R3 R2 + 1 = R4 1
    jwc2 1
    + jwc1
    R1
    R1
    R2R3 + R3 = R4
    jwC2 1 + jwC2

    From the above,


    R4 . C2
    C1 = R3

    I + W2R22C22
    R1 = R3 (I + W2 R22C22)
    W2R2R4C22

    NOTE: The heaviside bridges and owen bridges


    are used for measuring R and L.

    2.7.4 Schering Bridge


    This is used for the measurement of
    capacitance and dielectric loss, as well as power
    factors in high voltage networks.
    C1 is the capacitance to be measured C2 is a
    standard capacitor. C3 is a variable capacitor.
    R2 and R3 are non inductive resistors. R1
    represents the dielectric loss of C1.
    at balance,
    Z1Z4 = Z2Z3
    Now,
    Z1 = R 1 + 1
    jwc1
    Z2 = 1 Z 3 = R3
    jwc2
    Z4 = R4

    I +jwC4R4
    R1 + 1 R4 = R3
    JwC1 I+jwR4C4 jwC2
    Equating real terms
    R1 = C4 . R3
    C2
    Equating imaginary terms
    I = R3
    jwC1 jwC2R4
    C1 = R4 . C2
    The capacitor loss angle is defined as
    tan  = WRC
    For the circuit above
    tan  = WR1C1
    = WC4 . R3 . R4 . C2
    C2 R3
    tan = WC4R4

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