Physics Project

PHYSICS PROJECT
To study various factors on which the internal resistance/emf

of a cell depends on
CONTENTS
❏ CERTIFICATE
❏ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
❏ INTRODUCTION
❏ OBJECTIVE
❏ APPARATUS
❏ THEORY
❏ PROCEDURE
❏ OBSERVATION
❏ CONCLUSION
❏ PRECAUTION
❏ SOURCE OF ERROR
❏ BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my hearty thanks to my Physics teacher, Mrs Muthamil Selvi

who guided me to the successful completion of this Group Project. I
take this opportunity to thank my teacher for her valuable guidance,
constant encouragement,constructive feedback and immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this project.
Name of student:
Signature:
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and use is
increasing every day.Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that
their potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis of the factors affecting the
internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the potential
difference across it, and hence make it more reliable.
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends.
Apparatus
A potentiometer, a battery(or battery eliminator), two one way keys, a rheostat, a
galvanometer, a resistance box, an ammeter, a cell, a jockey, a set square,
connecting wires and sandpaper.
Theory
● The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to
the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
● Is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
● Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte.
● Decrease with increase in temperature of a electrolyte
● Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte. The internal
resistance of a cell is given by:
R =(E-V)/I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight
connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the EMF of the battery and of the cell and make sure that EMF of the
battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained.
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key ‘K2’ , adjust the rheostat so that a null point is
obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position to the null point accurately using a set square and
measure the balancing length (l1) between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the same time, take out a small
resistance (1 - 5 W) from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the
cell
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P. Record the observation.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys k1 and K2. Wait for some time and repeat
steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of observations.
14.Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of electrodes in the
electrolyte by dipping them into the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
15.Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
16.Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the concentration of electrolyte by
adding distilled water for different observations.
17.Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS
RESULTS AND INFERENCES
1. The EMF of the cell is constant and is equal to 0.98V
2. The internal resistance of the cell is directly proportional to the separation between
the electrodes
3. The internal resistance of the cell is inversely proportional to the area of the electrode
dipped in electrolyte
4. The internal resistance of the cell is inversely proportional to the temperature of the
electrolytes
5. The internal resistance of the cell is inversely proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte
PRECAUTION
● The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
● The plugs should be introduced in keys only when the observations are to be
taken.
● The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should, all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
● The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire
gently.
● The ammeter reading should constant for a particular set of observations. If

SOURCE OF ERROR
● The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
● The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross - section and material
density throughout its length.
● End resistances may not be zero.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.studylib.com
www.googleslides.com

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PHYSICS PROJECT

To study various factors on which the internal resistance/emf

I extend my hearty thanks to my Physics teacher, Mrs Muthamil Selvi

● The ammeter reading should constant for a particular set of observations. If

● The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

● End resistances may not be zero.

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