Physics Project

PRESIDENCY SCHOOL
BANGALORE NORTH
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2024 – 25
“To study various factors on which the internal resistance and

EMF of a cell depends on”
Name -
Class -
Reg No -
Subject Code -
Certificate
Certified that this is the bonafide record of project work in Physics done by -_______________
Reg No……………………. In fulfillment of Class XII Board Practical Examination conducted by
the Central Board of Secondary Education for the academic year 2024-25.
Date:
Signature of the teacher Signature of the Teacher in-Charge Signature of the Principal
External Examiner
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our Principal, Mrs. Rekha Vinod, who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project. I am thankful to my Physics Teacher,
Vijayeta Saraswat, for her ongoing support during the project. Her advice and encouragement
played a huge role in finalizing this project report. I would also like to thank Mr. Manjunath who
was always there in our Physics lab, for assistance.
I would also like to thank all the faculty members of our school for their kindness and support. I
would also like to thank all my classmates who helped me in completing the project by exchanging
interesting ideas and sharing their experiences.
I wish to thank my parents for their support and encouragement,without which I could not have
completed this project in the limited timeframe.
In the end, I want to thank my friends who displayed appreciation for my work and motivated me to
continue my work.
Index
Sl. no Topic Pg. no
1. Introduction 5
2. Aim and Materials Required 6
3. Theory 7
4. Circuit Diagram 8
5. Procedure 9
6. Observation 10
7. Result 11
8. Precautions 11
9. Bibliography 12
Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the use is increasing
every day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the factors affecting the internal resistance
of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the potential difference across
it, and hence make it more reliable.
Aim
To study various factors on which the internal resistance and EMF of a cell depends on
Material Required
Potentiometer, Battery (or battery eliminator), Two one-way keys, Rheostat, Galvanometer,
Resistance box, Ammeter, Cell (Leclanche cell), Jockey, Setsquare, Connecting wires and sand
paper
Potentiometer
Battery eliminator Galvanometer
One way key Rheostat
Resistance Box
Theory
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The
internal resistance of a cell
• Is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
• Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte.
• Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
• Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
• The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r= [E-V]/R
Rotational Potentiometer Linear Potentiometer

Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight connections according to the
circuit diagram.
• Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
• Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is
more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation

• Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
• Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small.
• Without inserting a plug-in key , adjust the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
wire of the potentiometer.
• Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square and measure the
balancing length (1) between the null point and the end P.
• Next introduce plugs in both keys and . At the same time, take out a small resistance (1-5 W)
from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
• Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
• Measure the balancing length ( L) from end P. Record these
• Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
• Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
• Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes

• Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by
dipping them into the electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
• Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of

electrolyte
• Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the concentration of electrolyte by adding
distilled water for different observations.
• Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of international resistance with Temperature

• Keeping all other factors constant, increase the temperature of electrolyte
• Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10. Record your readings.
Observation Table
Sn. no Ammeter Reading Position of null point Shunt Internal

(A) Resistance Resistance
With R Without R
(l1) (l2)
Table for effect of seperation between electrodes
Sn. no Seperation Balancing Balancing Internal

between point l1 point l2 Resistance r/ d
electrodes d (cm) (cm) r (Ω)
(cm)
Result
• The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to
E = 0.98 Volt.
• The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped
in electrolyte.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.

• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte
Precautions
• The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
• The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken.
• The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2 should, all be connected to the
terminal at the zero of the wires.
• The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
• The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation. If necessary,
adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
Bibilography
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCGPGmtd3Ow&authuser=0
• http://www.wikepedia.com
• Physics NCERT
• Comprehensive Practical Physics ( Laxmi Publications )

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PRESIDENCY SCHOOL

“To study various factors on which the internal resistance and

One way key Rheostat

• Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte.

• Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.

• Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.

• The internal resistance of a cell is given by:

Rotational Potentiometer Linear Potentiometer

To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation

To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes

To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of

To study variation of international resistance with Temperature

Sn. no Ammeter Reading Position of null point Shunt Internal

Sn. no Seperation Balancing Balancing Internal

• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.

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