UNIT-6

GASEOUS STATE

D. SARAL SALOMI P.G.CHEM

AMERICAN COLLEGE HSS
Out of all Elements 11 are
Gaseous
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GAS AND VAPOUR

Gas: A substance that is normally in a gaseous

state at ordinary temperature and pressure.
E.g., Hydrogen
Vapour: The gaseous form of any substance that
is a liquid or solid at normal temperature and
pressure. E.g., At 298 K and 1 atm, water exists
at water vapour.
 PRESSURE
• Pressure is defined as the force exerted by a
gas on unit area of the wall.
• P=F/a
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship

• V∝ 1/P
Where,
V = k x 1/P
• Therefore, for a given mass of a gas under two
different sets of conditions at constant
temperature we can write
• PV =PV =k
1 1 2 2

PV = k at constant temperature and mass

Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
Balloon Test
Graphical representation of boyle’s law
 Consequence of Boyle’s Law

P1V1 = P2V2 (Boyle’s law)

where “m” is the mass, d1 and d2 are
the densities of gases at pressure P1 and P2.
 Know Why Aeroplanes are Pressurised

Similarly, the
effect of
drop in
pressure is
felt as a little
pain in the
ears by a
person while Underwater divers are advised not to
ascending a
hold the breath unnecessarily while
mountain in
a plain. diving.
A balloon is filled with hydrogen at room temperature.
It will burst if pressure exceeds 0.2 bar. If at 1 bar
pressure the gas occupies 2.27 L volume, up to what
volume can the balloon be expanded?

According to Boyle’s law, p₁ V₁ =p₂ V₂

1 bar x 2.27 L = 0.2 bar x V₂
Or

= 11.35 L
Since, balloon bursts at 0.2 bar pressure, the
volume of balloon should be less than 11.35 L
Boyles law states that at constant temperature ,
if pressure is increased on a gas , volume
decreases and vice versa. But when we fill air in
a balloon, volume as well as pressure increases
Why? [HOT]

• Boyles law is applicable only for a fixed mass

of a gas. As we fill air in to the balloon, we are
introducing more and more air in to the
balloon . Thus we are introducing mass of the
air inside the balloon.Hence the law is not
applicable .
Explain why Boyles law cannot be used to calculate volume of
real gas when it is converted from its initial state to final state by
an adiabatic expansion. [HOT]

• During adiabatic expansion, temperature is

lower and Boyle’s law is applied at constant
temperature condition only.
The size of the balloon becomes larger and
larger as it ascends in to higher altitudes.
[HOT]
• As we go higher altitudes the atmospheric
pressure decreases . Thus , the pressure
outside the balloon decreases. To regain
equilibrium with the external pressure , the
gas inside expands to decrease its pressure .
Hence the size of the balloon increases.
 Charles Law
• For a fixed mass of a gas constant pressure,
the volume is directly proportional to
temperature (K).
• V∝T
V = kT
(or) V/T=constant
V1/T2=V2/T2=constant
Charles Law Experiment 1
Air filled balloon in ice cold and hot water
 Variation of volume with temperature at
constant pressure
The plot of the volume of the gas against its
temperature From the graph it is clear that the
volume of the gas linearly increases with
temperature at a given pressure. Such lines
are called isobars. It can be expressed by the
following straight line equation.

V = mT + C where T is the temperature in degree

Celsius and m & C are constants.
Plot of Volume vs Temperature for an ideal
gas
 Charles Law Real Life Application
Hot Air Balloon
A torch is used to heat the air
molecules inside the
balloon. The molecules
move faster and disperse
within the space. The gas
inside the balloon takes up
more space, becoming less
dense than the air
surrounding it. As such, the
hot air inside the balloon
rises because of its
decreased density and
causes the balloon to float.
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
(Pressure-temperature relationship)
Joseph Gay-Lussac stated that, at constant
volume the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is
directly proportional to temperature.
PαT
or

If P1 and P2 are the pressures at temperatures T1

and T2, respectively, then from Gay Lussac’s
Law
Egg in the Bottle Experiment
 Avogadro’s Hypothesis
Avogadro hypothesized that equal volumes of all
gases under the same conditions of temperature
and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
V α n,
V1/n1=V2/n2=constant k
of moles of a gas and V2 & n2 are a different set of
values of volume and number of moles of the
same gas at same temperature and pressure.
Ideal gas equation
 Mixture of gases –
Dalton’s law of partial pressures
John Dalton stated that "the total pressure of a
mixture of non-reacting gases is the sum of
partial pressures of the gases present in the
mixture" where the partial pressure of a
component gas is the pressure that it would
exert if it were present alone in the same
volume and temperature. This is known as
Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

Ptotal = P1+P2+P3
Diffusion and effusion of gases
 Diffusion Effusion
1. Spreading of molecules of a substance Escape of gas molecules through a very
through out a space. small hole in a membrane into an
evacuated area.

2. Ability of gases mix with each other. Ability of gas to travel through a small
pin hole.

3. e.g., you can smell perfume in a room. e.g., escaping of air from a tyre pinhole
 Characteristics of Gases

• 1.Have neither shape nor definite volume.

• 2Have lower density.
• 3.Highly compressible.
• 4.Have high diffusibility
• 5. On heating they expand.
 Compressibility factor Z
The deviation of real gases from ideal behavior
is measured in terms of a ratio of PV to nRT.
This is termed as compressibility factor.
Mathematically,
Z=PV/nRT
For all gases, at very low pressures and very
high temperature the compressibility factor
approaches unity and they tend to behave
ideally.
Plot of compressibility factor(Z) vs
pressure for some common gases
The pressure dependence of the compressibility
factor for N2 at high temperatures
Inter of Compressibility factor vs pressure
at different temperatures for Nitrogen
When the pressure is low, the volume of the container is very
large compared to the volume of the gas molecules so that
individual volume of the gas molecules can be neglected.
At high temperatures the average kinetic energy of the
molecules is very high and hence inter moleclular attractions
will become insignificant.
Above the Boyle point, for real gases, Z > 1, ie., the real gases
show positive deviation. Below the Boyle point, the real gases
first show a decrease for Z, reaches a minimum and then
increases with the increase in pressure.
At low pressure and at high temperature, the real gases behave
as ideal gases.
Compressibility factor for real gases
 Van der Waals Equation
J. D. Van der Waals made the first
mathematical analysis of real gases. His
treatment provides us an interpretation of real
gas behaviour at the molecular level. He
modified the ideal gas equation PV = nRT by
introducing two correction factors, namely,
pressure correction and volume correction.
Pressure Correction
Volume Correction
 Liquefaction of gases

•
Isotherms of Carbon dioxide at different
temperatures
Derivation of critical constants from van
der Waals constant
 QUESTIONS
27. A balloon filled with air at room temperature
and cooled to a much lower temperature can
be used as model for Charles law.
i) V∝T at constant P and n
ii) Size of the balloon is reduced
iii) If the temperature of the gas decreases, the
volume also decreases.
iv) When temperature is reduced, the gas
molecule move slower.
28. Name two items that can serve as a model
for gay Lussacs law and Explain.
i) P∝T at constant Volume
ii) Filling the car tire completely full of air on
the hottest day summer
iii) Egg in the bottle experiment
30. Difference between Ideal gas and Real gas.
s.no IDEAL GAS REAL GAS

1 Ideal gases obeys the gas law Real gases obeys only at low
under all conditions of pressure and temperature
temperature and pressure

2 The volume occupied by the The volume occupied by the gas

gas is very small compare to is not small compare to the total
the total volume of the gas volume of the gas

3 There is no force of attraction There is a force of attraction

between the gas molecules between the gas molecules

4 They obey Ideal gas equation They obey the Vanderwaals

PV =nRT equation.
31. Can a Van der Waals gas with a=0 be
liquefied? Explain.
i) It cannot be Liquefied
ii) If a=0, there is a very less interaction
between the molecules of the gas
iii) ‘a’ is the measure of strength of Van der
waals force of attraction between the
molecules of the gas
iv) If a=0, van der waals force of attraction is
very less
33. a) Aerated water bottles are kept under water
during summer
i) CO₂ gas is passed through the aqueous solution
under pressure in aerated bottles because
solubility of the gas in water is not very high
ii) In Summer solubility of gas decreases because of
rise in temperature
iii) More of the gas will be present above the liquid
surface
iv) If pressure becomes high, it may lead to
explosion
33. b) Liquid ammonia bottle is cooled before
opening the seal
i) If contains the gas under very high pressure
ii) If it is open, sudden decrease in pressure
leads to larger increase in volume of the gas
takes place
iii) The gas comes out all of a sudden with force
and causes accident
33. d) The size of the weather balloon becomes
larger and larger as it ascends up into larger
altitude
i) The Volume of the gas is inversely proportional
to the pressure according to the Boyle’s law
ii) As the balloon ascends, the pressure tends to
decrease.
iii) As a result, size of the balloon likely to
increase
34. a) Gases don’t settle at the bottom of the
container
i) Gases by definition are the least dense state
of matter
ii) They have negligible intermolecular force of
attraction.
35. a) Why there is no hydrogen in our
atmosphere?
i) It is the lightest element produced in free state
ii) It rises above all other gases to the top of the
atmosphere
iii) It easily gains velocity required to escape
Earth’s magnetic field
iv) Since it is very reactive, it would react with
oxygen to produce water
v) Very Less amount of it present in the upper
level of the atmosphere
35. b) Why does the moon have no atmosphere?
i) It value of acceleration due to gravity on the
surface of the moon is small
ii) Value of escape velocity is very small
iii) The molecule of the atmospheric gas on the
surface of the moon have more thermal
velocity than escape velocity
39. Aerosol cans carry clear warning of heating of the
can. Why?
i) The gas pressure increases
ii) More of liquefied propellant turns into gas

41. Would it be Easier to drink water with a straw on

the top of mount everest?
iii) It is difficult
iv) The reduced atmospheric pressure is less
effective in pushing water into the straw
v) Gravity falls off gradually with height
44. Why do astronauts have to wear protective
suits when they are on the surface of the
moon?
i) It has very low atmospheric pressure
ii) The pressurized protective suit helps to
maintain optimum pressure for the human
body
iii) Protects from harmful radiations and
infections
45. When ammonia combines with HCL, NH₄CL
is formed as white dense fumes. Why do more
fumes appear near HCL?
i) Ammonia has low molar mass
ii) High vapour pressure
iii) Rate of diffusion of ammonia is greater and
HCL is lower.
46. How can you identify a heavy smoker with a
help of Daltons law?
i) Physician report the pressure of the patients
gases in blood as partial pressure
Gas Normal Range
PO₂ 80 – 100 mm of Hg
PCO₂ 35 - 45 mm of Hg

ii) A heavy smoker expected to have low O₂ and

huge CO₂ partial pressure
47. CO₂ gas cannot be liquefied at room
temperature
i) Only below the critical temperature, a gas
can be liquefied
ii) CO₂ has critical temperature of 303.98 K
iii) Room temperature is 303 K. So it cannot be
liquefied and remains as a gas.
 VALUE BASED QUESTION
• Ramesh takes an open pan to cook vegetables and
pulses at a hill station while suresh cooks pulses and
vegetables in pressure cooker at the same place. The
gas cylinder of ramesh lasts for only 15 days where as
suresh uses one gas cylinder per month.
1. Who will cook faster and why?
2. What is the reason for delay in cooking by Ramesh?
3. What value is possessed by suresh?
4. Why does suresh need only one gas cylinder per
month and not like Ramesh?
• Sol (1) Suresh because in pressure cooker
temperature is more than 100 °C and latent heat of
steam also used in cooking.
• Sol(2) The atm pressure is less at hill station due to
which water boils below 100°C and vegetables and
pulses take long time in cooking
• Sol(3)Suresh is using scientific method to save time ,
money and energy.
• Sol(4) Suresh needs less fuel as pressure cooker
helps in cooking at faster rate.
Gases do not settle at the bottom of the container. Why?

 Due to low density.

 If a mixture of gases of different density is kept
in a container the gas having higher density
will be at the bottom and less dense will be at
the top. It’s all about density.
 Q .No 37
• Cl₂, F₂, Br₂ which gas deviate from ideal
behavior under low conditions of
temperature.
• 1.Bromine.
• 2.larger the size greater the deviations from
ideal gas,
• 3.molecular attraction ἀ boiling point
 Tyres of automobiles are inflated to lesser
pressure in summer than in winter [HOT]
• In summer due to higher temperature ,the
average kinetic energy of the air molecules
inside the tyre increases , i.e., molecules start
moving faster. Hence ,the pressure on the
walls of the tube increases .If pressure
inside is not kept low at the time of inflation,
at higher temperature, the pressure may
become so high that the tyre may burst.
Q. 40