Phys111_lecture14

Physics 111: Mechanics
Lecture 14
Dale Gary
NJIT Physics Department
Life after Phys 111
 The course material of Phys 111 has given you a taste of a wide
range of topics which are available to you as a student.
Prerequisite is Phys 121 or Phys 121H.
 For those of you who have an interest in gravitation/astronomy, I

suggest the following electives:
 Phys 320, 321 – Astronomy and Astrophysics I and II
 Phys 322 – Observational Astronomy
 For those of you interested in the biological or BME/medical

aspects, I suggest the following electives:
 Phys 350 – Biophysics I, Phys 451 - Biophysics II
 For those of your interested in light, optics, and photonics, I

suggest the following elective which Federici will be teaching this
fall and Fall 2014:
 OPSE 301 – Introduction to Optical Science and Engineering
Oscillatory Motion
 Periodic motion
 Spring-mass system
 Differential equation
of motion
 Simple Harmonic
Motion (SHM)
 Energy of SHM
 Pendulum
 Torsional Pendulum
12/21/24
Periodic Motion
 Periodic motion is a motion that regularly returns to
a given position after a fixed time interval.
 A particular type of periodic motion is “simple
harmonic motion,” which arises when the force
acting on an object is proportional to the position of
the object about some equilibrium position.
 The motion of an object
connected to a spring is a
good example.
12/21/24
Recall Hooke’s Law
 Hooke’s Law states Fs = kx
 Fs is the restoring force.
 It is always directed toward the equilibrium
position.
 Therefore, it is always opposite the displacement
from equilibrium.
 k is the force (spring) constant.
 x is the displacement.
What is the restoring force for a surface
water wave?
Restoring Force and the
Spring Mass System
 In a, the block is displaced to the right of
x = 0.
 The position is positive.
 The restoring force is directed to
the left (negative).
 In b, the block is at the equilibrium
position.
 x=0
 The spring is neither stretched nor
compressed.
 The force is 0.
In c, the block is displaced to the left of x =
0.
 The position is negative. 12/21/24
 The restoring force is directed to
Differential Equation of
Motion
 Using F = ma for the spring, we havema  kx
 But recall that acceleration is the second derivative
of the position: d 2x
a
dt 2
 So this simple force equation is an example of a
differential equation,
d 2x d 2x k
m 2  kx or 2
 x
dt dt m
 An object moves in simple harmonic motion
whenever its acceleration is proportional to its
position and has the opposite sign to the
displacement from equilibrium.
Acceleration
 Note that the acceleration is NOT constant,
unlike our earlier kinematic equations.
 If the block is released from some position x = A,
then the initial acceleration is – kA/m, but as it
passes through 0 the acceleration falls to zero.
 It only continues past its equilibrium point
because it now has momentum (and kinetic
energy) that carries it on past x = 0.
 The block continues to x = – A, where its
acceleration then becomes +kA/m.
12/21/24
Analysis Model, Simple Harmonic
Motion
d 2x k
 What are the units of k/m, ain 2
 x ?
dt m
 They are 1/s2, which we can regard as a frequency-squared, so
let’s write it as k
2 
m
 Then the equation becomes
a   2 x
 A typical way to solve such a differential equation is to simply
search for a function that satisfies the requirement, in this
case, that its second derivative yields the negative of itself!
The sine and cosine functions meet these requirements.
12/21/24
SHM Graphical
Representation
 A solution to the differential
equation is
x(t )  A cos(t   )
 A,  are all constants:
A = amplitude (maximum position
in either positive or negative x direction,
k Remember, the period

= angular frequency,
m and frequency are:
2  1  
T
 = phase constant, or initial phase angle.
f   
A and  are determined by initial conditions.   T 2 
12/21/24
Motion Equations for SHM
x(t )  A cos(t   )
dx
v(t )    A sin(t   )
dt
d 2x
a (t )  2   2 A cos(t   )
dt
The velocity is 90o out of phase

with the displacement and the
acceleration is 180o out of phase
with the displacement.
12/21/24
SHM Example 1
 Initial conditions at t = 0 are
 x (0)= A
 v (0) = 0
 This means  = 0
 The acceleration reaches
extremes
of 2A at A.
 The velocity reaches extremes
of
A at x = 0.
12/21/24
SHM Example 2
 Initial conditions at t = 0 are
 x (0)= 0
 v (0) = vi
 This means  = / 2
 The graph is shifted one-
quarter
cycle to the right compared to
the
graph of x (0) = A.
12/21/24
Consider the Energy of SHM
Oscillator
 The spring force is a conservative force, so in a
frictionless system the energy is constant
 Kinetic energy, as usual, is
K  12 mv 2  12 m 2 A2 sin 2 t   
 The spring potential energy, as usual, is

U  12 kx 2  12 kA2 cos 2 t   
 Then the total energy is just

E K  U  12 kA2 (a constant)
12/21/24
Transfer of Energy of SHM
2
 E
The total energy is contant at all times, and is12 kA
(proportional to the square of the amplitude)
 Energy is continuously being transferred between potential
energy stored in the spring, and the kinetic energy of the
block.
12/21/24
Simple Pendulum
 The forces acting on the bob are the
tension and the weight.
 T is the force exerted by the string
 mg is the gravitational force
 The tangential component of the
gravitational force is the restoring
force.
 Recall that the tangentiald 2acceleration

is at r L L 2
dt
d 2
 g g
 This
2
sin   differential
m another
gives m  (for small  )
dtequation L L
12/21/24
Frequency of Simple
Pendulum
 The equation for  is the same form as for the
spring, with solution
 (t )  max cos( t   )
where now the angular frequency is
g  2 L
  so the period is T = 2 
L   g
Summary: the period and frequency of a simple

pendulum depend only on the length of the
string and the acceleration due to gravity. The
period is independent of mass.
12/21/24
Torsional Pendulum
 Assume a rigid object is
suspended from a wire attached
at its top to a fixed support.
 The twisted wire exerts a
restoring torque on the object
that is proportional to its angular
position.
 The restoring torque is

  is the torsion constant of
the support wire.

 Newton’s SeconddLaw
2

 I    I 2 gives
dt
d 2 
 
dt 2 I
Section 15.5

Phys111_lecture14

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phys111_lecture14

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phys111_lecture14

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics 111: Mechanics

 For those of you who have an interest in gravitation/astronomy, I

 For those of you interested in the biological or BME/medical

 For those of your interested in light, optics, and photonics, I

k Remember, the period

The velocity is 90o out of phase

 The spring potential energy, as usual, is

 Then the total energy is just

Summary: the period and frequency of a simple

the support wire.

You might also like