WEEK 5

CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Content:
1. Lines and regions of a circle.
2. Circle theorems including:
3. Angles subtended by chords in circle;
4. Angles subtended by chords at the
centre;
5. Perpendicular bisectors of chords;
6. Angles in alternate segments.
 Circle
The set of all points in a plane, which are
at a fixed distance from a fixed point in
the plane, is called a circle.
The fixed point is called the centre of the
circle and the fixed distance is called the
radius of the circle. In the figure below, O
is the centre and the length OA is the
,

𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒓
𝑶• 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝑨

A Reminder about parts of the

𝒄
Circle 𝒎𝒂𝒋𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒄
(𝒔𝒓 )
𝒖
𝒅𝒊

𝑩 𝑨
𝒓𝒂

•
𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑪𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒅
𝑨 𝑩
𝑭𝑰𝑮 𝟏 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑭𝑰𝑮 𝟑
𝑭𝑰𝑮 𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒄
Diameter:
A diameter is a chord which passes through the centre of
the circle dividing it into two equal halves. In Fig1 AB is
the diameter.
Circumference:
This is the outside distance round the circle. It is also
called the perimeter of the circle.
Chord:
A chord of a circle is a line segment joining any two points
on its circumference, and it divides the circle into two
Major Segment and Minor segment:
In Fig2, the bigger part is called the major segment
while the smaller part is called the minor segment.
Either of the two parts is called the alternate segment
of each other.
Major Arc and Minor Arc:
In Fig3, the smaller piece of the circumference is
called the minor arc. The minor arc AB is denoted
by . While the longest piece of the circumference is
called the major arc. The major arc AB is denoted as .
NOTE:- When the chord AB is a diameter
of the circle, then both arcs are equal and
it is called a semi – circular arc.
THEOREM 1
Equal Chords of a circle subtends equal
angle at its circumference.
We prove the theorem by activity method.
Activity:
1. Draw two identical circles PQRST with
centre O and .
2. Join PT, QT, RT and ST.
3. Measure and for each circle.
4. Record your result in a table.
.

𝑻 𝑻

•0 •
0
𝑷 𝑺 𝑺 𝑷
𝑸 𝑹 𝑹 𝑸
𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆𝟏 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆𝟐
𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

Circle
1
2
THEOREM 2
Equal Chords of a circle subtends
equal angle at the centre of the
circle.
We prove the theorem by activity
method.
1. Draw two identical circles PQRS
 S R S R
O O
Q P
•
P Q
• Circle 1
Circle 2
2. Measure and . for each angle.

3. Record your result in a table.

 Table
Circl
e
1
2
4. Comment in your observation.
Example 1
Calculate the angle at the centre of a
circle subtended by a chord 4 cm from the
centre of the circle of radius 8 cm.
Example 2
A chord of a circle is 60 cm long. If the
circle has a radius of 36 cm, calculate the
angle at the circumference and the centre
of the circle.
Example 3
Find the length of a chord which subtends
an angle of at the centre of a circle with
radius 14 cm.
Classwork
A chord of a circle is 2 cm long. If the
circle has a radius of 13 cm, calculate the
angle subtended at the centre and the
circumference of the circle.
ASSIGNMENT
1. How far is a chord of a circle of
radius 12 cm, if it subtends an
angle of 21 at the circumference of
the circle?
2. The angle at the centre of a circle
of radius 11 cm is 46 How far is the
chord from the centre of the circle?
3. If the angle subtended by a chord
at the circumference of a circle is ,
find in terms of the distance
between the chord and the centre of
the circle, given the radius as 14 cm.
THEOREM 3
A STRAIGHT LINE DRAWN FROM THE CENTRE
OF THE CIRCLE TO THE MIDDLE POINT OF A
CHORD WHICH IS NOT A DIAMETER, IS AT
RIGHT ANGLE

𝑷 𝑴 𝑸
Given: a circle with centre 0 and chord , with mid –
point M such that
To prove: ∠PMO = ∠QMO =
Construction: Join and
Proof: radius of circle 𝟎
is the mid – point of PQ
𝑷 𝑴 𝑸
Hence, △PMO SSS congruence rule.

(Angle on a straight line)

Theorem 4
Equal chord of a circle are
equidistance from the centre of the
circle.
Given: A circle with centre 0. PQ and
𝑷 𝑴 𝑸
RS are two equal chord of a circle.
•
𝑶
To prove: OM = ON
𝑹 𝑵 𝑺
To prove: OM = ON
Construction: OP, OQ, OR and OS.
Proof: Since a perpendicular from the centre of the circle
bisects the chords. 𝑷 𝑴 𝑸
and
•𝑶
But PQ = RS if PM=NR 𝑹 𝑵 𝑺
In right angle triangle OMP and right angle triangle ONR
Hypotenuse OP = Hypotenuse OR (radius of the same circle)
side MP = side NR.
(right hand side congruence)
Example 1
A chord 28 cm long is 12 cm away from the
centre of the circle. Find the radius of the
circle.
Example 2
The length of one of two chords of a circle is
16 cm. if the chords are 5cm and 8 cm
respectively away from the centre of the
circle, calculate the length of the second
Example 3
An isosceles triangle ABC has its
vertices on a circle. If and
calculate:
a) the height of the triangle;
b) the radius of the circle;
 𝑩
classwork

𝒎
In the figure, 0 is the centre of the

25
0
𝒓

𝟐𝟓
circle with isosceles Triangle ABC
𝑨 𝟏𝟒𝒄𝒎 𝑪
inscribed in it. Calculate the :
i). Radius of the circle.
ii). Circumference of the circle to one
decimal place.
Take
THEOREM 5: The angle subtended
by an arc or chord at the centre of
a circle is twice the angle
subtended at the circumference
nce by the same arc or chord.
 Introductory TERM’GY
Terminology
yo
yo
o o

xo xo
B
A
B B
A
A

xo
Arc AB subtends angle x at the o
centre.
Arc AB subtends angle y at the
circumference. yo
Chord AB also subtends angle x at the
centre.
Chord AB also subtends angle y at the
circumference.
To Prove that the angle subtended by an arc or chord at the
centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended at the
circumference by the same arc or chord.
A To prove that angle ∠COB = 2 x ∠CAB
Extend AO to D
 
AO = BO = CO (radii of same circle)
O
Triangle AOB is isosceles(base angles
 equal) AOC is isosceles(base angles
Triangle
 equal)
B ∠AOB = 180 - 2 (angle sum
C triangle)
∠AOC = 180 - 2 (angle sum
triangle)
∠ COB = 360 – (∠AOB + ∠AOC)(∠s at
D
point)
∠COB = 360 – (180 - 2 + 180 -
Theorem 1 and 2)
∠COB = 2 + 2 = 2(+ ) = 2 x ∠CAB
Example 1
In the diagram, MNPQ is a circle
𝑸
with centre O. 𝑶

and 𝑴 𝟓𝟎 ° 𝑷

Find : i) ∠ 𝑵

ii)
 𝑨
¿
𝑪 𝑶 𝟒𝟎 ° 𝑩
¿ 𝑬

If the diagram, IS A tangent to the circle

If // and ∠ABE find ∠ODE

with centre O and COB is a straight line.
 THEOREM 6: Angles subtended by an arc
or chord in the same segment are equal.

B C C B C
ao D no D
x o
x o n o

y
o
A
no
D B ao E
xo

y
o
A A

TH3
To Prove that angles subtended by an arc or chord in
the same segment are equal.

To prove that ∠ ABC =

∠ACD
B C
With centr of circle O draw lines
∠ AOD = 2 x ∠ ABD (angle at
OB and OC.
centre).
∠ AOD = 2 x ∠ ACD (angle at
0

centre).
2 x ∠ABD = 2 x ∠
ACD
A
∠ABC = ∠ACD
D
 B C B C
C
z o
n o xo D
xo D
m go

e
o
A
o
B ao E
D
po

y
o
A A
nce A, B and C are any points on the major arc, a
ngles in the major segment are equal to each ot
he theorem is also true for angles in minor segm
In the diagram, PQRS is a circle.
∠ And the
𝑹
𝑺
Interior angles of △PQS are
In the ratio 2 : 3 : 3. Calculate: 𝟐𝟔 ° 𝑸
i). ∠PQR; 𝑷

ii). ∠RPQ;
iii). ∠PRQ.
Example 2
In the diagram is a diameter
of the circle. Calculate the sizes of
𝑨
the following angles. 46

a). d). 𝒀
b). e).
𝑷 𝟑𝟐 °
𝑩 𝒁
c). f). Y
EOREM: Angles in a semicircle
rem 6: Angles in a semicircle is a right angle.
n: is a diameter of a circle, centre 0. X is any point
he circumference of the circle.
To prove: that A
𝑋 Proof: is a diameter
is a straight line
180
𝐴 •
𝑜 𝐵 2 (Angle at centre
is twice angle at circumference)
=
=
Example 𝑿
In the diagram O is the centre
𝟒𝟓 °
80

of the circle, and 𝑾 𝑶

Calculate Y 𝒀
𝒁
Example
𝑪
In the diagram is
𝟑𝟔 °
𝑨 𝟔𝟎 𝒙°
a diameter of the circle.
𝑬
°
𝑩

Find the value of . 𝑫

Example 1
𝑩
In the diagram, ABCD are 𝑨

Points on the circle centre O. 𝑪

If and ∠ADC =
𝑶
𝟓𝟎 °

Find ∠BAD.
𝑫
Example 2
In the diagram, O is the centre 𝑬

of the circle ABCDE, 𝑨

and ∠ find ∠.
𝑶
𝑫
𝑩 𝟏𝟎𝟖°
𝑪
 Cyclic quadrilaterals

rilateral is a four sided plane sha

lic quadrilateral is a quadrilatera
s enclosed in a circle such that t
vertices touches the circumferen
rcle.
the four points where the vertic
are referred to as concyclic poi
 𝑩 𝑷
he figure 1 and figure 2 the
ices of the cyclic quadrilateral
n the circumference of the 𝑨 𝑸
e. 𝑪 𝑺
𝑫 𝑹
Fig 1 Fig 2

𝑩 𝑷
e figure 3 and figure 4, notice
opposite angles of a cyclic 𝑨 𝑸
𝑪 𝑺
drilateral lie in opposite segments
𝑫 𝑹
cle. Fig 3 Fig 4
Theorem 8: the opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral are supplementary. Or
Angles in opposite segments are supplementary.
Given : a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS.
To prove:
Join Q and S to the centre O of the 𝑷
𝒙
Circle. 𝑺 𝟐𝒚 𝑸
Proof: 𝟐 𝒙𝒐
𝒚
Lettering the angles of the figure, 𝑹
 Angle at the centre is twice angle at
circumference)
Reflex angle angle at the centre is twice
angle at circumference
(Angle at a point)

Note: the sum supplementary angles is .

THEOREM 9
THE EXTERIOR ANGLE OF A CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
IS EQUAL TO THE INTERIOR OPPOSITE ANGLE.

𝑷 𝑸
With the lettering in the diagram 𝜶𝟏
(opposite angle
𝑺 𝜷 𝜶𝟐
of cyclic quad) 𝑹 𝑻
(angles on a straight line)
 𝑭
Example 1
𝟓𝟎 °
𝑨
In the diagram, obtain 𝑩
𝒙°
an equation in 𝟐𝟖 °
𝑪
𝑬 𝑫
Hence find the value of
Example 1
In the diagram, O is the centre
𝒌
of the circle, calculate the
𝒒
𝑶

sizes of the lettered angles.

𝟏𝟒𝟔°

𝒎
Give reasons for each.
Example
In the diagram, calculate
𝒙
𝟖𝟏 °

𝒛 𝒚
the values of the lettered
𝟏𝟎𝟐°

angles.
Question
In the diagram, OXYZ is 𝒀
𝟒𝟐 °
𝒁
a semicircle. If 𝑿 𝑶

calculate
Question
In the diagram, O is the centre
Of the circle ABCD. AB is a diameter.
𝑫
𝑪
And 𝑨 𝟔𝟒 °
𝑶
Calculate The angles of 𝑩
quadrilateral ABCD
Tangent to a circle
A tangent to a circle is a line that
intersects the circle at only one point.
While the perpendicular to a tangent at
its point of contact passes through the
centre of the circle.
𝑶

𝑨 𝑩
THEOREM 10:
A line drawn through an extremity of a radius of a
Circle on the circumference perpendicular to the
radius tangent to the circle at that extremity.

𝑨 𝑩
𝑴
n: A circle with centre 0 and a straight line PTQ
angle to the radius OT.
rove: PTQ is a tangent.
Construction: Let R be a point in 𝟎

Proof: In △OTR, ∠OTR = 90

between. Join OR

∠OTR = ∠OTQ
𝑸 𝑷
𝑻 𝑹

∠OTR = ∠OTQ = 90 ( of straight line)

Since QTP is a straight line,

∠ORT = (radius ⍊ tangent)

Hence ⍊ QP (⍊ means is perpendicular to)
Note:
1. A tangent to a circle is
perpendicular to the radius drawn
to its point of contact.
2. The perpendicular to a tangent
at its point of contact passes
through the centre of the circle.
Theorem 11 Two Tangent Theorem.
From any point outside a circle only two tangents can be drawn
and they are equal in length.
R
P

Q
R
Q U

T
T

PT = PQ PT = PQ
P
TH7 U
Theorem 11: Two tangents drawn from a
point outside a circle are of equal length.
To prove that AP =
BP. centre of circle at O,
With
A
draw straight lines OA and OB.
O
P OA = OB (radii of the same
circle)
∠PAO = ∠PBO = 90o (tangent radius)
B
Draw straight line
In OP.
△OBP and OAP, OA = OB and
OP (is common to both).
△OBP and OAP are congruent (RHS)
Therefore AP = BP.
 Theorem 7 Two Tangent Theorem.
From any point outside a circle only two tangents can be drawn
and they are equal in length.

PQ and PT are tangents to a circle with

centre O. Find the unknown angles giving
reasons.

yo
Q
xo O
angle w 90o (tan/rad)
98o
=
angle x 90o (tan/rad)
=
angle y 49o (angle at centre)
=
angle z 360o – 278 = 82o
zo wo = (quadrilateral)

P T
 Theorem 7 Two Tangent Theorem.
From any point outside a circle only two tangents can be drawn
and they are equal in length.

PQ and PT are tangents to a circle with

centre O. Find the unknown angles giving
reasons.

zo
Q
yo
O
angle w 90o (tan/rad)
xo =
angle x 180 – 140 = 40o (angles
=
angle y sum
o tri)
50 (isos triangle)
=
angle z 50o (alt seg)
80o wo 50o =
P T
Angles in alternate segments of a circle

t
𝑩

en
𝑸•

gm

t
en
•

se

m
jor

eg
•
𝑷
Ma

ors
𝑿 𝒀

in
𝑨

M
In the figure above XAY is a tangent to the circle
at the point A. AB is a chord of the circle. APB is
the minor segment. AQB is the major segment.
The segment AQB is the alternate of the minor
segment APB. Also, the segment APB is the
alternate segment of the major segment AQB.
Activity:
1. Draw a circle PQRS with QR = QS.
2. Draw a tangent XPY of the circle at P
3. Draw the chords and
4. Join RQ and SQ.
Measure ∠QPY (= a), ∠PSQ (=) and ∠PRQ
(=
5.

6. Record your result in a table.

 𝑺
𝑹
𝒂𝟐
𝒂𝟏

𝑸
𝒂
𝑿 𝒀
𝑷

Circle ∠QPY (= a) ∠PSQ (=) ∠PRQ (=

1
Inference: we find that
THEOREM 12
AN ANGLE BETWEEN A TANGENT AND A
CHORD THROUGH THE POINT OF CONTACT IS
EQUAL TO THE ANGLE IN THE ALTERNATE
SEGMENT
Given: a circle, with XPY a tangent at P and
𝑹
chord dividing the circle
𝒂 into two segments
𝑺 𝟐
𝒂𝟏
PSQ and PRQ. So P is alternate
𝑸 Y
𝒚
𝑿 𝒂𝑻
𝒀
TO prove: and X
Construction: draw the diameter join
Proof:
With the lettering
tangent radius)
Also P = (angle in a semicircle)
 (right angle
(angles in same segment)

Also X = (angle on a straight line) =

(a = )
= (Opposite angle of a cyclic
quadrilateral)