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    Revised business and history slides with LO Tasks

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    0 views10 pages

    Lecture slides

    Uploaded by

    lmaduna04.m
    Revised business and history slides with LO Tasks

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    The ANC and the End of Apartheid,

    1960-1994
    HI177 | A History of Africa since 1800
    Term 2 | Week 9 | Dr Sacha Hepburn
    1960: Sharpeville
    Sharpeville and beyond…
    • March 1960: PAC sponsored anti-pass
    campaign in Sharpeville
    • Police repression: 69 killed, many more injured
    • Protests across South Africa lead to police
    repression and declaration of State of
    Emergency
    • ANC and PAC banned
    • Anti-apartheid activists were forced to go
    underground or into exile
    • 1960s onwards: pursuit of ‘grand apartheid’
    The ANC in the 1960s
    • Move towards armed struggle
    and founding of Umkhonto
    we Sizwe (MK) 1961
    • Activists driven underground
    or into exile
    • 1962 Mandela captured; 1963
    arrest of other key activists
    • 1963-4: Rivonia Trial
    • Overt political resistance
    declined but shift to a
    national liberation movement,
    with key players in exile
    Member of Umkhonto we
    Sizwe, date unknown
    1970s: Diversifying
    Resistance
    • Reorganization of opposition politics and the rebirth of a
    powerful black popular politics
    • Diversifying collection of individuals and groups, many of
    whom were young
    • Black Consciousness Movement: intellectual movement
    aimed to restore black African self-respect and confidence
    • Student movements, e.g. South African Students
    Organisation and South African Students Movement
    • Communists and relationships to new socialist states in
    Mozambique and Angola; bases also established in
    Zimbabwe
    1976: Soweto and the Role of
    Youth

    Young people in Soweto


    protest against
    apartheid education
    policies, 16 June 1976
    1976: Soweto and the Role of
    Youth
    • Schools boycott to protest against the inferior
    state of education for black children and
    imposition of Afrikaans
    • Demonstration on 16 June 1976 involving
    thousands of school children
    • Conflict with police – hundreds killed in several
    weeks, many more injured
    • Protest spreads across South Africa, involving
    schoolchildren and other anti-apartheid groups
    • Thousands arrested and around 12,000
    children and youth go into exile
    1980s: Violence and
    Insurrection
    • Early 1980s, anti-apartheid movement within South
    Africa was splintered
    • 1983: United Democratic Front (UDF) founded. A non-
    racial organization aimed to provide direction and unity
    • Violence engulfed many African urban areas and fears of
    complete social breakdown
    • Government agreed to limited reforms
    • New constitution in 1984 provided Indian and Coloured
    representation but they largely boycotted elections
    • ‘Townships’ established in African urban areas with African-
    run councils but accused of corruption and violence
    continues
    • 1985 State of Emergency and mass arrests
    • Late 1980s: national Party loses domestic and intl support
    1990-1994: A negotiated
    end to apartheid
    • 1989: F. W. de Klerk becomes
    President. Former hardliner
    who pursues pragmatism and
    reform
    • 1990: ANC and PAC unbanned
    and Mandela released
    • Major apartheid legislation
    cancelled
    • Violence continues and
    threatens success of
    negotiations
    • Compromise leads to success –
    free, non-racial elections held Nelson Mandela and
    April 1994 F. W de Klerk
    Conclusions:
    An Unfinished Struggle
    • End of apartheid creates high expectations for reform and
    redistribution
    • Arguably impossible for Mandela and ANC government to
    live up to expectations
    • Decades of underinvestment in non-white communities
    • Deep structural inequalities across South African society
    • Violence remained high, especially in urban areas
    • 2019: many South Africans continue to live in poverty,
    violence remains a key issue
    • Legacies of white colonialism and apartheid
    • But also reflect limitations and failings of post-apartheid
    governance

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