Plbl Presentation (2)

Terrestrialization Of
land plants
Terrestrialization of plants ?
• The Process by which plants colonized land
from the sea.
• It is considered as the third most important
event in history of life; after the origin of life
and the development of multicellularity.
Adaptations for Water Conservation
Challenges Faced on Land Waxy Cuticle
• Desiccation Risk • All plants (especially in
• Limited Availability Angiosperms and
Gymnosperms).
• Water Transport:
• A water-resistant, waxy coating
• Efficient Use on leaves and stems that
• Storage prevents excessive water loss
Role of the Sporophyte in Terrestrial
Life
Life Cycle Overview:
Alternation of generations: sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte
(haploid).
Sporophyte dominance in vascular plants ensures survival in harsh
environments
Advantages of Sporophyte
Dominance:
Protective structures for spores (sporangia).
Enhanced dispersal mechanisms for reproduction.
Examples:
Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms show increasing

complexity in sporophyte structure.
. Vascular Tissues Root Systems
• Vascular plants (e.g., Seed plants , • Vascular plants (e.g., Angiosperms,
Pterophyta, Lycophyta). Gymnosperms, Ferns).
• Xylem conducts water and minerals, while • Roots evolve to anchor plants in the soil and
phloem distributes sugars and other organic maximize water absorption from the ground
compounds.
Water Storage
Stomatal Regulation • Angiosperms (especially in Xerophytes like
• Stomata control water loss through cacti).
transpiration, opening for gas exchange and • Specialized tissues store water, allowing
closing during dry conditions to conserve plants to survive prolonged dry periods
water.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1433831911000527#:~:text=Indeed%2C%20during%20terrestrialization%2C%20plants%20were,in%20re
sponse%20to%20these%20stresses
.
https://www.corpuspublishers.com/assets/articles/ars-v1-23-1010.pdf
Reproductive Adaptations to
Terrestrial Environments
1. Preservation of Reproductive Organs:
Seeds: May remain dormant until more favorable
times; resistant seed coat prevents drying out.
Spores: In non-seed plants, resistant walls protect against drying out.
2. Pollination and Flowers:

Attraction of Pollinators: Nectar, colors, and fragrances reduce water loss during fertilization.
Wind and animal pollination achieve effective gamete transfer without the use of water.
3. Fruits and the Dispersal of Seeds:
Fruits protect seeds and attract animals to aid in seed dispersal.

Dispersal: Adaptation for transportation by wind, water, or animals
1.Reduced Gametophyte Stage:
•Dominance of the sporophyte phase enhances resilience; gametophytes are enclosed in
protective structures.
2.Water Loss Prevention:
•Waxy cuticles and enclosed organs protect gametes and seeds from desiccation.
3.Internal Fertilization:
•Pollen grains protect and transport male gametes to ovules without water.
4.Seed Protection and Nourishment:
•Endosperm: Nutrient storage for the embryo.
•Seed Coat: Shields against environmental extremes.
5.Efficient Reproduction:
•Seasonal Reproduction: Timed for favorable conditions.
•Self/Cross-Pollination: Ensures reproduction with or without pollinators.
How Vascular Plants Emerged
Introduction to Vascular Tissues
The development of vascular tissues was a groundbreaking milestone that allowed plants to thrive on land.
These tissues include
1.xylem, responsible for water movement.
2.phloem, which transports nutrients.
Early Plant Evolution
Fossil evidence suggests vascular tissues first appeared during the Devonian period, about 400 million years ago.
Early plants like Cooksonia exhibited basic vascular structures, enabling them to stand upright.
Adapting to life on land required plants to address structural support, water distribution, and nutrient transport, a need met by the evolution
of vascular tissues.
From Basic to Advanced Vascular Systems

Primary Growth
Development begins in the procambium, forming the primary xylem and phloem that support elongation in roots and shoots.
Stele Variants
Protostele: A solid xylem core surrounded by phloem, typical of roots.
Siphonostele: A hollow cylinder with a central pith, commonly seen in ferns.
Secondary Growth
The evolution of the vascular cambium enabled plants to grow thicker stems by producing secondary xylem (wood) and phloem.
This allowed plants to gain strength and transport resources efficiently over long periods.
Formation of specialized Structures
Tracheids: Found in early vascular plants, offering basic water conduction.
Vessel Elements: A later adaptation in angiosperms, providing more efficient water transport.
Advanced adaptations
Functional Specialization
Xylem: Reinforced with lignin to support tall growth and enable effective water conduction.
Phloem: Evolved sieve plates to streamline nutrient distribution across greater distances.
Evolutionary Innovations
Vessel elements evolved independently in various plant groups, highlighting convergent evolution.
Structural Adaptations for Support
1. Rigid cell walls
 Made of cellulose, providing strength and rigidity to cells
2. Vascular Tissues
 Xylem: Lignified tissues offer support and transport water

 Phloem: Assists in nutrient transport and structural stability
3. Woody stems and trunks
 Thickened stems (secondary growth) provide durability and upright support in trees
4. Roots
 Anchor plants firmly in the soil and provide stability

 Root hairs increase surface area for water absorption
5. Turgor pressure
 Water-filled cells maintain plant rigidity and support soft tissues
6. Specialized structures
 Buttress roots
 Prop roots
7. Leaf adaptations
 Reduced size or spines in arid plants to minimize wind stress

 Flexible petioles to withstand environmental forces
8. Branching patterns
9. Thickened cuticle
10. Climbing structures

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Terrestrialization Of

Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms show increasing

2. Pollination and Flowers:

3. Fruits and the Dispersal of Seeds:

Fruits protect seeds and attract animals to aid in seed dispersal.

From Basic to Advanced Vascular Systems

1. Rigid cell walls

 Made of cellulose, providing strength and rigidity to cells

 Xylem: Lignified tissues offer support and transport water

3. Woody stems and trunks

 Anchor plants firmly in the soil and provide stability

 Water-filled cells maintain plant rigidity and support soft tissues

 Reduced size or spines in arid plants to minimize wind stress

10. Climbing structures

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