MODULES

BY
RAJESHWARI S
CONTENT
Definition
Importing Modules
Built-in Modules
DEFINITION
 A module is a file contains proper python code with .py extension.
 It contain Python statements and definitions.
 They usually contain arbitrary objects such as classes, functions, files
and attributes.
 We can use modules to break down complex programs into small
manageable and organized files.
 Modules can be imported from other modules using the import
command, instead of copying their definitions and statements into
different programs.
CREATING MODULES
 A module is a python file that has only definitions of variables, functions and classes.
 Create a module with the suffix.py and then import it using the import command.
 Examples:

#create a module calculator.py containing definitions of functions called ‘add’ and ‘multipy’.
def add(x,y):
total=x+y
return total
def multiply(x,y):
product=x*y
return product
IMPORTING MODULES
 Python modules are essentially reusable libraries of code that can be imported and used in a
program.
 Python interpreter is shipped with many standard library modules.
 The import statement reads a module file and creates a module object, i.e., it makes a module
and its contents available for use.
 There are three way to do it,
 To import the entire module by including import module_name.
 To import the entire module by writing import module_name as new_name.
 To import specific functions from the module by writing, from module_name import name,
[,name2[,…..nameN]]
1.THROUGH A DOT(.) OPERATOR
 To access the definitions in a module, we can use a dot operator between the
module name and the function we want to access.
 Syntax:
import module_name
where, module_name – built-in module in python
 Example:

Output:
 2.IMPORT WITH RENAMING
 We can import built-in or user defined modules with an alias name.
 Syntax:
import module_name as new_name
where, module_name – built in module, new_name – user defined name
 Example:
Output:
 3.FROM……..IMPORT STATEMENT
 We can import specific function names from a module without importing the module as a whole.
 If we want to import only the pi function, from…..import statement can be used.
 Syntax:

from module_name import name1[,name2[,…nameN]]

where, module_name – built-in module name name1,
name,….nameN – specific function names.
 Example:
Output:
4.IMPORT ALL NAMES
 It makes all names except those beginning with an underscore, visible in our scope.
 Syntax:
from module_name import*
 Example:
Output:
BUILT-IN MODULES

Python has several built-in modules that we can import for use
in programs.
Some of the most commonly used ones are
Math module
Random module
Time and Calendar module
1.MATH MODULE
 Importing Python’s math module allows users to access its attributes, constants, and
mathematical function such as pi, square root, cosine and GCD.
 After importing the math module, we can use the dot operation to specify a method or
attribute.
 Syntax:

import math
 Example: Output:
 2.RANDOM MODULE
 This function is used for simulation of games, testing, privacy, and security
applications.
 Some of the useful functions are
 Choice
 Randrange
 Random( )
 Randint
 seed( )
 shuffle( )
 Uniform(x,y)
CHOICE
 The choice( ) function generates a random item from a sequence values.
 Syntax:
random.choice(seq)
here, seq - It must be a string, list or tuple
 Example:

Output:
 RANDRANGE
 The randrange ( ) function generates a random element from a specified range.
 Syntax:
random.randrange(start,stop[,step])
 Example:
Output:
RANDOM( )
 It returns random float value(r), such that o is less than or equal to that value and should
be less than 1.
 Syntax:
random( )
 Example:
Output:
RANDINT
 It is used to generate a random integer N such that x<=N<=y.
 It accept two parameters (x&y), the first one (x) is the lowest number and the second
one(y) is the highest number.
 Syntax:
randint(x,y)
 Example:
 SEED( )
 The built-in method seed( ) sets the integer starting value for generating random
numbers. We must call this function before calling any random module function.
 Syntax:
seed([x])
 Example:
Output:
 SHUFFLE( )
 This function shuffles the elements on a list in random order.
 Syntax:
random.shuffle(list)
 Example:
Output:
 Example:
Output:
 UNIFORM(X,Y)
 It generates the numbers from a uniform distribution. It returns a random floating point number N such that
x<=N<=y for x<=y and y<=N<=x for y<x.
 The end point value y may or may not be included in the range depending on floating point rounding in the
equation x+(y-x)* random( ).
 Syntax:

uniform(x,y)
 Example:

Output:
3.TIME AND CALENDAR MODULE
 The data time module of the python standard library provides the data time class. Most program require data
and time data to operate.
 Python has time and calendar module that can be used to track times and dates in programs. To access
functions in the module, we need to import time module.
 Import Time
 Formatted Time
 Getting : Monthly calendar
 Time Module
 Calendar Module
 Data and Time
 IMPORT TIME
 Time values are represented with the time class. Times have attributes for hour, minutes,
second and microsecond.
 Many time functions return a time value as a tuple of integers.
 The functions strptime( ) and gmtime( ) also provide attribute names for each field.
 Example: Output:
 FORMATTED TIME
 We can format time in many different ways with the print function. There are also
several ways to get readable time format in Python.
 A simple way to get time is with the asctime( ) function.
 Example:
 GETTING : MONTHLY CALENDAR
 The calendar module provides several methods that allow users to obtain and
manipulate monthly and yearly calendars. TO access these methods, we have to import
the calendar module.
 Syntax:
import calendar
 Example: Output:
TIME MODULE
 Python’s time module provides functions that allows users to
work with time and convert between representations.
 The list of available methods:
time.altzone
time.asctime
time.clock
time.ctime
time.gmtime
time.localtime
time.mktime
time.sleep
time.strftime(fmt[,tuppletime])
time.time
time.tzset
CALENDAR MODULE
 Calendar module provides functions related to a calendar including print
functions that output a calendar for a specified year or month.
 By default,
Calendar has Monday as the first day of the week. We can change this
by calling the calendar .setfirstweekday( ) functions. The calendar module
offers the following functions:
 calendar.calendar (year, w=2,l=1, c=6)
 calendar.firstweekday( )
 calendar.isleap (year)
 calendar.month (year, month, w=2,l=1)
 calendar.leapdays (y1,y2)
 calendar.monthcalendar(year,month)
 calendar.monthrange(year,month)
 calendar.prmonth(year,month,w=2, l=1)
 calendar.setfirstweekday(weekday)
 calendar.weekday(year,month,day)
DATE AND TIME
 Python has another method, datatime ( ) that we can use to retrieve current system
data and time.
 The datatime module provides us with objects which we can use to store
information about dates and times:
 Datetime.date is used to create dates which are not associated with a time.
 Datetime.time is used for times which are independent of a date.
 Datetime.datetime is used for objects which have both a date and a time.
 Datetime.timedelta: objects store differences between dates or datetimes, if we
subtract one datetime from another, the result will be a timedelta.
 Datetime.timezone objects represent time zone adjustments as offsets from
UTC. This class is a subclass of datatime.tzinfo, which is not meant to be used
directly.
 Example:
 Example:
 Example:

Output:
THANK YOU