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    SQL

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    P R Prasad

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    SQL

    Uploaded by

    P R Prasad
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    0 views25 pages

    SQL

    Uploaded by

    P R Prasad

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    SQL

    By
    P. Ramanjaneya Prasad
    Associate Professor
    Department of Computer Sccience
    Avanthi Degree & PG College
    SQL

    Data ?

    Data is collection of raw facts


    SQL

    Data
    → Processed
    → Information
    → Knowledge
    SQL

    Storage of Data
    → Database
    SQL
    What is a Database?
    A database is a collection of data that is organized, which is also called
    structured data. It can be accessed or stored in a computer system.

    Database refers to related data in a structured form.

    Database can be managed through a Database Management System


    (DBMS), a software used to manage data.
    SQL
    Types of Database?
    Relational Database: A relational database is made up of a set of
    tables with data that fits into a predefined category.

    Distributed Database: A distributed database is a database in which


    portions of the database are stored in multiple physical locations.

    Cloud Database: A cloud database is a database that typically runs on


    a cloud computing platform.
    SQL
    What is DBMS?
    An interface for operations like creation, deletion, modification, etc is
    provided by DBMS.
    DBMS allows the user to create their databases as per their requirement.
    DBMS accepts the request from the application and provides specific data
    through the operating system.
    DBMS contains a group of programs that acts according to the user’s
    instruction.
    It provides security to the database.
    SQL

    User
    ↕
    Database
    ↓
    SQL
    SQL

    Structured Query Language


    SQL
    SQL Commands
    The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are
    CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and DROP.

    These commands can be classified into groups based on their nature:


    SQL
    SQL
    What is a Table?
    The table is a collection of related data entries and it consists of
    columns and rows.
    A table is the most common and simplest form of data storage in a
    relational database.
    SQL
    What is a Field?
    Every table is broken up into smaller entities called fields.
    SQL
    What is a Row or a Record?
    A record, also called a row of data, is each individual entry that exists in
    a table. A record is a horizontal entity in a table.
    What is a Column?
    A column is a vertical entity in a table that contains all information
    associated with a specific field in a table.
    SQL
    SQL
    SQL
    Data Integrity
    Entity Integrity : There are no duplicate rows in a table.

    Domain Integrity : Enforces valid entries for a given column by restricting the
    type, the format, or the range of values.

    Referential Integrity : Rows cannot be deleted which are used by other records.

    User-Defined Integrity : Enforces some specific business rules that do not fall
    into entity, domain, or referential integrity.
    SQL
    Data Types
    Numeric : Numeric Values : -1038-1 to +1038+1
    Integer: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
    Float: -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 308
    Date : Stores a date like June 30, 1991
    Time : Stores a time of day like 12:30 P.M.
    Char : Maximum length of 8,000 characters.( Fixed length)
    Varchar : Maximum of 8,000 characters.(Variable-length).
    SQL
    Arithmetic Operators
    SQL
    Comparision Operators
    SQL
    Comparision Operators
    SQL
    Logical Operators
    SQL
    SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
    CREATE TABLE table_name(
    column1 datatype,
    column2 datatype,
    column3 datatype,
    .....
    columnN datatype,
    PRIMARY KEY( one or more columns ) );
    SQL
    SQL INSERT INTO Statement
    INSERT INTO table_name( column1, column2....columnN) VALUES
    ( value1, value2....valueN);

    Note: You may not use column names if you are entering all the values
    of all fields, but should be in order.
    SQL
    SQL SELECT Statement Wild Cards
    SELECT column1, column2 % - Matches one or more
    FROM table1, table2 characters
    WHERE [ conditions ]
    GROUP BY column1, column2 _ - Matches one character
    HAVING [ conditions ]
    ORDER BY column1, column2

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