Chapter One SQL

LO1.
Write an SQL statement to retrieve and sort data
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used to

manage and manipulate data in relational databases.
 It is a powerful tool for managing data that is organized into tables and
relationships between them.
 In simple terms, SQL is used to communicate with a database and perform

tasks such as insertion, deletion, and retrieval of data.
Cont…
SQL syntax comprises words, clauses, and commands that allow users to
create and modify tables, insert and retrieve data, and manage the database.
SQL provides various commands and functions such as SELECT, FROM,

WHERE, JOIN, UNION, GROUP BY, ORDER BY, and many more, that enable
users to retrieve data in a straightforward manner.
Cont…
The SQL language also provides a variety of operators, such as arithmetic

operators, comparison operators, and logical operators that are used to
perform calculations and comparisons on data
Cont…
SQL can be used to create a database, add new tables, and manage the relationships
between them.
 For example, users can create a new table and define its columns and data types
(e.g., text, number, date) using CREATE TABLE command.
The user can then add data to the table using the INSERT command, and retrieve
data from the table using the SELECT command.
Cont…
SQL can also be used to update, delete, and modify existing data
in the database.
 Users can use UPDATE command to modify existing data, DELETE

command to remove data, and ALTER command to modify the
structure of a table.
Cont…
SQL is an efficient way of managing and manipulating data in a database.
With its powerful commands and functions, it can handle complex tasks
effortlessly.
 It is a critical component of data management and is widely used in various

industries such as finance, healthcare, and e-commerce.
Chapter-one
Write an SQL statement to retrieve and sort data
An SQL statement is a command that is used to perform specific operations

on a database.
It is a type of instruction that is executed by the database management

system (DBMS) to manipulate data or carry out various tasks within a
database.
 SQL statements are written using the SQL language and follow a specific
syntax.
There are several types of SQL statements which
include:
1. Data Definition Language (DDL) statements - used to create and modify

database objects such as tables and indexes.
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements - used to manipulate data

within a database such as INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE.
3. Data Query Language (DQL) statements - used to retrieve data from one or
more tables in a database such as SELECT.
Cont…
Transaction Control Language (TCL) statements - used to manage transactions in a
database, such as COMMIT and ROLLBACK.
SQL statements are written with a combination of keywords, tables, columns, and
conditions.
For instance, a simple SQL statement for selecting data from a table would look
something like this:
SELECT column1, column2, column3
FROM table name
WHERE condition;
Cont.…
This statement selects specific columns from a table named "table_name"

based on a specific condition.
SQL statements are commands used to interact with a database, and they are
crucial in managing, manipulating and retrieving data within a database.
Understanding DBMS Fundamental
A database management system (DBMS) is software that is designed to
manage and control access to a database.
There are several fundamental components of a DBMS that are essential for
its proper functioning and management of a database. These include:
1. Data model: A data model defines the structure of the database and
determines how data is organized, stored and accessed within the database.
Common data models include hierarchical, relational, and object-oriented data

models.
Cont…
2. Data definition language (DDL): DDL is a set of commands used to create and
modify database objects such as tables and indexes. It specifies the schema or
structure of a database and provides a framework for organizing data.
3. Data manipulation language (DML): DML allows users to insert, update, and
delete data from a database.
Common DML statements include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

Cont…
4. Query language: A query language is a standardized language used to

retrieve data from a database.
SQL (Structured Query Language) is one of the most widely used query
languages.
5. Data indexing: Data indexing is a technique used to speed up database

queries by creating indexes on the data fields. Indexes provide a quick and
efficient way to access data, especially when dealing with large volumes of data.
Cont…
6. Transactions: Transactions are used to ensure data consistency and integrity within
a database.
A transaction consists of a group of related database operations that are executed

as a single unit of work.
If any one of these operations fails, the entire transaction is rolled back, ensuring
the database remains consistent.
Cont…
7. Database security: Database security is a critical component of a DBMS.
 It involves controlling access to the database and ensuring that only

authorized users have access to sensitive data.
 A security framework, consisting of authentication, authorization, and audit

trails, is used to secure access to the database.
In summary,
A DBMS is an essential tool for managing and controlling access to

a database.
 Understanding the fundamental components of a DBMS is key to

using it effectively to manage data in an organization.
2.1 Identifying database information requirement
Database information requirement refers to the specific information needs of
an organization or user that a database must meet.
It involves understanding what information is required, how it will be used,

and who needs to access it to perform their tasks within an organization.
Database information requirements are necessary to ensure that the database

is designed and structured in a way that meets the needs of the organization.
Cont…
To determine the database information requirement, an organization should
identify the key data elements and information that are needed to support its
business processes.
This can be done by conducting a detailed analysis of the organization's

operations, policies, procedures, and data requirements.
 It is important to involve stakeholders from different departments and levels

of the organization in this process to ensure that all requirements are
identified and prioritized.
Cont…
Once the database information requirements are identified, they should be

documented in a requirements specification document.
 This document should include the data elements, data attributes, data values,
and relationships between data elements that are required.
The requirements specification should also include data access and security
requirements, including who has access to the data and how it will be
protected.
Cont…
A well-defined set of database information requirements is critical

to designing a database that meets the needs of the organization.
It ensures that the database contains the necessary information to

support the organization's operations, and that the information is
structured and organized in a way that is accessible and meaningful
to the users who need it.
1.3 Retrieving all data from a table following work
procedure
To retrieve all data from a table in SQL, you can use the SELECT
statement without any WHERE clause. The syntax is as follows:
SELECT * FROM table_name;

This will return all the columns and rows from the specified table. If
you only want to select certain columns, you can specify them
instead of using the asterisk:
SELECT column1, column2, column3 FROM table_name;

Make sure to replace "table_nam I'lle" with the actual name of the
table you want to retrieve data from.
1.4 Retrieving data from a specific column in a single
table
Retrieve data from single table and column
To retrieve data from a specific column in a single table in SQL, you
can use the SELECT statement and specify the column name. The
syntax is as follows:
SELECT column_name FROM table_name;
Replace "column_name" with the name of the column you want to

retrieve data from and "table_name" with the actual name of the
table.
Cont…
For example, if you have a table named "customer", and you want to
retrieve the data for the "first_name" column only, the SQL statement
would be:
SELECT first_name FROM customer;
This will return all the data from the "first_name" column in the
"customer" table.
1.5 Using clause to sort query output
• In SQL, a clause is a specific section of a SQL statement that performs a
particular function. Clauses are used to specify the conditions for the retrieval
or manipulation of data, as well as to define the structure and parameters of a
query. Some commonly used SQL clauses include:
1. SELECT Clause: This clause is used to retrieve data from one or more
database tables. It allows you to specify the specific columns to retrieve, the
tables to query, and the conditions for retrieval.
Example: SELECT name, age FROM customers WHERE gender = 'Male';

Cont….
This query uses the SELECT clause to retrieve the name and age columns
from the "customers" table, where the gender is 'Male'.
2. WHERE Clause: This clause is used to filter out specific records based on
a specified condition. It is used to select only specific rows that meet your
criteria.
Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales';
This query uses the WHERE clause to filter the employees table and select
all employees whose department is 'Sales'.
Cont…
• 3. JOIN Clause: This clause is used to combine data from two or more tables into a single table.
It is used to relate data between tables when there is a relationship between them.
Example: SELECT customers.name, orders.order_date FROM customers JOIN orders ON

customers.id = orders.customer_id;
This query uses the JOIN clause to join the "customers" and "orders" tables on the
customer_id field, in order to retrieve the name and order_date of customers who have placed
orders.
4. GROUP BY Clause: This clause is used to group data based on one or more columns. It is
used to aggregate data and perform calculations on subsets of data.

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LO1.

Write an SQL statement to retrieve and sort data

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used to

 In simple terms, SQL is used to communicate with a database and perform

SQL provides various commands and functions such as SELECT, FROM,

The SQL language also provides a variety of operators, such as arithmetic

 Users can use UPDATE command to modify existing data, DELETE

SQL is an efficient way of managing and manipulating data in a database.

 It is a critical component of data management and is widely used in various

An SQL statement is a command that is used to perform specific operations

It is a type of instruction that is executed by the database management

1. Data Definition Language (DDL) statements - used to create and modify

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements - used to manipulate data

SELECT column1, column2, column3

FROM table name

This statement selects specific columns from a table named "table_name"

Common data models include hierarchical, relational, and object-oriented data

Common DML statements include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

4. Query language: A query language is a standardized language used to

5. Data indexing: Data indexing is a technique used to speed up database

A transaction consists of a group of related database operations that are executed

7. Database security: Database security is a critical component of a DBMS.

 It involves controlling access to the database and ensuring that only

 A security framework, consisting of authentication, authorization, and audit

A DBMS is an essential tool for managing and controlling access to

 Understanding the fundamental components of a DBMS is key to

It involves understanding what information is required, how it will be used,

Database information requirements are necessary to ensure that the database

This can be done by conducting a detailed analysis of the organization's

 It is important to involve stakeholders from different departments and levels

Once the database information requirements are identified, they should be

A well-defined set of database information requirements is critical

It ensures that the database contains the necessary information to

SELECT * FROM table_name;

SELECT column1, column2, column3 FROM table_name;

SELECT column_name FROM table_name;

Replace "column_name" with the name of the column you want to

SELECT first_name FROM customer;

• In SQL, a clause is a specific section of a SQL statement that performs a

or manipulation of data, as well as to define the structure and parameters of a

query. Some commonly used SQL clauses include:

tables to query, and the conditions for retrieval.

Example: SELECT name, age FROM customers WHERE gender = 'Male';

Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales';

Example: SELECT customers.name, orders.order_date FROM customers JOIN orders ON

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