Development of Medulla Oblongata

Development of Medulla Oblongata, Pons and
Cerebellum
Dr J.O. Ezugworie
MBBS, MSc, PhD, FWACS.
1
Outline
• Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Or
• Myencephalon (medulla oblongata)
• Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
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Brain Vesicles
3
Introduction
Rhombencephalon
• By the 5th week the hindbrain or the
rhombencephalon divides into 2:
- The metencephalon and mylencephalon at
the point of pontine flexure
• The sulcus limitans extends cranial to the
junction of the midbrain and forebrain.
- Up to this junction, the alar and basal plates
are still recognizable
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Brain Vesicles
5
Introduction
• The cervical flexure separates the hindbrain from the
spinal cord.
• This point is arbitrarily said to be at the level of the
superior border of the foramen magnum.
• The brain flexures produce considerable variation in
the position of the grey and white matter.
• The caudal mylencephalon becomes the medulla
oblongata.
• And the cranial metencephalon - the pons and
cerebellum.
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Mylencephalon (Medulla Oblongata)
• The mylencephalon has a caudal closed end
and a cranial ‘open’ part.
The caudal closed part resembles the spinal
cord both developmentally and structurally.
• The small central canal of the caudal part is
formed by the neural canal of the neural tube.
• Unlike the spinal cord, the lateral walls are
everted.
• Alar and basal plates separated by sulcus
limitans. 9
• The basal plates, as in the spinal cord, contains motor
nuclei divided into 3 groups:
- A medial somatic efferent group.
- Intermediate special visceral efferent group.
- Lateral general visceral efferent group.
• The motor neurons of the somatic efferent group
form the cephalic continuation of the anterior horn
cells.
• It is called somatic efferent motor column as it
continues into the mesencephalon.
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MYENCEPHALON
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• The motor neurons in the mylencephalon include
neurons of:
- The hypoglossal (CNXII) nerve supplying the tongue
musculature
- The motor neurons in the metencephalon (pons) is
the abducens (CNVI), supplying the eye
musculature
- Into the mesencephalon (midbrain) are the
trochlear (CNIV) and oculomotor (CNIII) – supplying
the eye musculature
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• The motor neurons of the special visceral
efferent group in the mylencephalon (medulla
oblongata) are represented by
- Accessory (CNXI) nerve
- Vagus (CNX) nerve
- Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)
• This efferent group extends into the
metencephalon, forming the special visceral
efferent motor column
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• The general visceral efferent group contains
neurons that supply the involuntary musculature of
the respiratory tracts, intestinal tracts and
heart(See table ahead).
* The alar plate of the mylencephalon contains 3
groups of sensory relay nuclei.
 Lateral somatic afferent (general sensory) group via
glossophryngeal (CNIX) nerve:
- Recieves sensations of pain, temperature and touch
from the pharynx.
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 Intermediate special afferent group:
- Receives impulses from taste buds of the
tongue, palate, oropharynx, and epiglottis
- And from the vestibulocochlear (CNVIII)nerve
for hearing and balance.
 Medial general visceral afferent:
- Receives interoceptive information from the
GIT and the heart
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• Telachoroidea - in the roof plate of
mylencephalon.
- It consists of a single layer of ependymal cells
and the covering vascular mesenchyme (pia
mater).
• Choroid plexus - tuft-like invaginations into the
underlying ventricular cavity.
- They are formed by the active proliferations of
the vascular mesenchyme.
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METENCEPHALON
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Metencephalon – Pons and Cerebellum
• The upper part of the 4th ventricle is formed by the cavity of the
metencephalon.
• The metencephalon is also characterized by the basal and alar
plates.
• Two new components in this region:
- Cerebellum, a coordination centre for posture and movement,
derived from the alar plates.
- Pons - the pathway for nerve fibres between the spinal cord and
the cerebral cortex /cerebellar cortex – derived from the basal
plates.
• Each basal plate of metencephalon contains 3 groups of motor
neurons:
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Metencephalon – Pons and Cerebellum
- Medial somatic efferent group – gives rise to the
nucleus of abducens (CNVI) nerve.
- Intermediate special visceral efferent group
containing nuclei of trigeminal (CNV) nerve and
facial (CNVII) nerve.
. The nerves innervate the musculature of the 1 st and
2nd pharyngeal arches.
- Lateral general visceral efferent group
. The axons supply the submandibular and sublingual
glands.
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The Pons
• The marginal layer of the basal plates of the
metencephalon expands making a bridge.
- This bridge is for nerve fibres connecting the
cerebral cortex and cerebella cortex with the
spinal cord.
- This bridge is known as the Pons.
- The pons also contains the pontine nuclei
originating in the alar plates of the
metencephalon and mylencephalon.
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The Pons
• The alar plates of the metencephalon contains
3 groups of sensory nuclei.
- Lateral somatic afferent group, containing
neurons of trigeminal (CNV) nerve.
- Intermediate special visceral afferent group.
- Medial general visceral afferent group.
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Cerebellum
• The dorso-lateral parts of the alar plates bend
medially and form the rhombic lips.
• The rhombic lips form the cerebellum:
- The rhombic lips are widely separated in the caudal
portion of the metencephalon.
- The lips approach each other in the midline just
below the mesencephalon.
- Cerebellar plate is formed by the rhombic lips as
they compress cephalocaudally due to deepening of
the pontine flexure.
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Cerebellum
- The plate forms a midline portion, the vermis and
two lateral hemispheres in a 12-week embryo.
- A nodule is formed from the vermis, and
flocculus from the hemispheres.
- A transverse fissure separates them.
• The flocculonodular lobe is the most primitive
part of the cerebellum.
• The cerebellar plate initially consists of
neuroepithelial, mantle and marginal layers.
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Cerebellum
• External granular layer is formed by the cells of the
neuroepithelial layer migrating to the surface
• Cells of this layer form a proliferative zone on the
surface of the cerebellum as they retain the ability
to divide.
• The external granular cells give rise to various cell
types by the 6th month of development.
• Inner layer of the granular cells (granule cell layer) is
formed by some cells migrating inwards from the
external granular layer.
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Cerebellum
• Differentiating Purkinje cells migrate in opposite direction
towards the surface.
• Basket cells and stellate cells are produced by proliferating
cells of the cerebellar white matter.
• The cortex of the cerebellum consists of Purkinje cells, golgi
II neurons, and the neurons from the external granular
layer.
• The cerebellar cortex reaches its definitive size after birth.
• The cerebellar nuclei like the dentate nucleus reach their
final position before birth.
THANK YOU.
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