State two basic structures

that make up a virus.

Answer:
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)/ribonucleic acid (RNA)
and protein layer (capsid)
State five factors that affect
the growth of microorganisms.

Answer:
Nutrition, humidity, light,
temperature, pH value
Figure 1 shows a type of
microorganism.
(a) What is the group of the microorganism ?
(b) (i) What is the structure labelled X?
(ii) State the function of this structure.
Answer:
(a) Protozoa

(b)(i) Pseudopodium

(b)(ii) To move and engulf food

 Answer:
(a) Lactobacillus sp.

(b)
• Eliminates foul odour
• Facilitates animal digestion
• Produces enzyme
• Treats sewage
(a) Figure 1 shows a type of bacterium. Name this type of • Makes compost
bacterium. • Advances the fishing industry
(b) Give three uses of the serum derived from the bacterium
mentioned in question 4(a).
(a) What is eco enzyme?

(b) Give two uses of eco

enzyme.
Answer:
(a)
Eco enzyme is a natural product from
agricultural waste such as fruit or
vegetable waste processed through
fermentation.

(b)
• Treats wastewater and sewage
• Minimises agricultural waste such
as fruit and vegetable waste
• As a cleaning solution
State five examples of aseptic
techniques used to control the spread
of pathogens.

Answer:
• Sterilisation
• Boiling
• Using antiseptic
• Disinfecting
• Radiation
(a) What is sterilisation?
(b) How is sterilisation carried out?
(c) Why is the use of autoclave more effective in the prevention of microorganisms compared
to boiling water?

Answer:
(a)
Sterilisation is the process of killing or eliminating microorganisms from an object or a
particular surrounding.

(b)
Sterilisation is carried out using heat, chemical substances, radiation, high pressure and
filtration.

(c)
The temperature in the autoclave (121°C – 132°C) can kill microorganisms and their
spores. Water boiled at 100°C can only kill microorganisms but not their spores. This is
because their spores can withstand a temperature of 100°C.
How is the aseptic technique related to the phrase
‘prevention is better than cure’?

Answer:
The aseptic technique is applied to protect a person from infections
by eliminating existing or nearby pathogens before the person
contracts any diseases caused by the pathogens.
State one similarity and one difference between antiseptics
and disinfectants.

Answer:
Similarity:
Both antiseptics and disinfectants can be used to kill
pathogens.

Difference:
Antiseptics can be applied on the skin of humans but
disinfectants are not suitable to be applied on the human
skin.
Name three examples
of ionising radiation
used in the aseptic
technique.

Answer:
Ultraviolet ray, X-ray,
gamma ray
State the type of substance that is used to treat the
following infectious diseases:
(a) athlete’s foot
(b) pneumonia
(c) shingles
Answer:
(a) Athlete’s foot: antifungal

(b) Pneumonia: antibiotic

(c) Shingles: antiviral

Name two examples of useful microorganisms in each
of the following fields:
(a) medicine
(b) agriculture
(c) industry

Answer:
(a) Recombinant DNA of E. coli, Penicillium chrysogenum

(b) Bifidobacteria sp., Nitrosomonas sp., Nitrobacter sp.

(c) Yeast, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacteria sp.

 Answer:
State two examples of
foods that use
microorganisms and name
the microorganisms.
Which microorganism can carry out
photosynthesis?
A. Virus
B. Fungi
C. Algae
D. Protozoa
Which microorganism reproduces through spore formation?
A. Algae
B. Fungi
C. Yeast
D. Virus
Diagram shows
a type of
microorganism.

What is the
microorganism?
A. fungus
B. Alga
C. bacteria
D. virus
 Diagram
shows a type
of
microorganism
.

What is the microorganism?

A. Plasmodium
B. Chlamydomonas
C. Paramecium
D. Amoeba
 Which of them are bacteria?
Diagram shows A. X and Y
microorganisms B. X and Z
X, Y and Z. C. Y and Z
D. X, Y and Z
 Diagram shows microorganisms
X and Y.

X Y

A Virus Bacteria
B Bacteria Protozoa
C Fungus Protozoa
D Protozoa Virus
Diagram shows the reproductive process of a
microorganism.
Which of the following pairs is
correct?

Reproductive method Microorganism

A Binary fission Amoeba
B Duplicating Paramecium
C Budding Yeast
D Spore formation Mould
 The following information is about
the properties of a microorganism, Q.

•It is an autotrophy What is

•It can make its own microorganism Q?
food through A. Bacteria
photosynthesis B. Fungus
C. Virus
D. Protozoa
The following information is about the properties
of a microorganism, X.

 It can only grow and reproduce by duplicating

itself in living cells.
 It will crystallize and become non-living particles
outside the living cell.

What is microorganism X?

A. Bacteria
B. Virus
C. Algae
D. Protozoa
Which of the following is not the favourable
condition for the growth of microorganisms?

A) Temperature
35°C-40°C
B) High C) Bright D) pH 6-8
humidity sunlight
What causes dough to rise when yeast
is added into it?

A. Amount of yeast particle increase

B. Carbon dioxide is released
C. Temperature of the dough increase
D. Amount of dough increase
Meat that is kept in the fridge retains its
freshness because
A. the activities of microorganisms increase
B. the enzymes are destroyed
C. the microorganisms are killed
D. the growth rate of microorganisms is slowed down
Which microorganism helps in the digestion
of cellulose in the intestines of herbivores?
A) Protozoa
B) Bacteria
C) Yeast
D) Algae
The word equation shows a chemical process
between glucose and microorganism X?

What is X?
A. Plasmodium
B. Amoeba
C. Yeast
D. Mould
What is the function of bacteria in the root nodules of the
leguminous plant?

A. Fix nitrogen gas in the atmosphere and convert it into nitrate

in the soil
B. Provide oxygen to animals and plants during cell respiratory
process
C. Decompose nitrate in soil into nitrogen gas into the
atmosphere
D. Provide carbon dioxide to the plant for photosynthesis
Diagram shows the
food for a teenager
at tea time

A.Yeast
B. Bacteria
C. Virus
D. Protozoa
Diagram
shows two
types of food.
Which of the following
microorganisms is used to
produce the food?
A. Bacteria
B. Algae
C. Virus
D. Protozoa
Diagram shows
two bottles of
beer.
Which of the following microorganisms
is used to produce beer?
A. Bacteria
B. Virus
C. Algae
D. Yeast
Which of the following
microorganism helps in the
digestion of cellulose in the
digestive tract of herbivores?

A. Virus
B. Algae
C. Bacteria
D. Fungus
The word equation shows a chemical process
between glucose and microorganism P?

Which of the following is microorganism

P and product Q?

P Q
A. Amoeba vinegar
B. Plasmodium vinegar
C. Mould ethanol
D. Yeast ethanol
Which microorganism can be used to make a vaccine?
A. Algae
B. Fungi
C. Protozoa
D. Virus
Yeast is used to produce alcohol.
What is the process involved?
A. Fermentation
B. Distillation
C. Saponification
D. Esterification
Karen wants to make a soft bread for her daughter for
breakfast.
Which microorganism is used?
A.Yeast
B.Bacteria
C.Protozoa
D.Mucor
A person experiences the following symptoms:

· Fatigue

· Diarrhoea

· Vomiting without nausea

· Muscle cramp

What disease is it?

A.AIDS
B.Gonorrhea
C.Tuberculosis
D.Cholera
 Disease Pathogen
Which of
the A Tuberculosis Bacteria
following
pair is B Gonorrhoea Virus
wrongly
C Hepatitis B Virus
matched?
D Malaria Protozoa
Which of the following
microorganisms causes
influenza?
A.Bacteria
B.Alga
C.Virus
D.Fungus
Diagram shows an
example of vector.

What is the disease spread

by this vector?
A. Chicken pox
B. Dengue fever
C. Malaria
D. Cholera
Which of the following
disease is caused by
fungi?
A.AIDS
B.Mumps
C.Measles
D.Tinea
Which of the following diseases
can spread through sharing of
towels?
I. Dysentery
II. Tinea
III. Ringworm
A.II and III only
B.I, II and III
C.I and III only
D.I and II only
Which of the following disease is
transmitted through sexually contact?
A.Poliomyelitis
B.Tuberculosis
C.Cholera
D.Syphilis
Which of the following
diseases is caused by bacteria?
A.Hepatitis A
B.Malaria
C.AIDS
D.Tuberculosis
Which of the following is the most
effective method to prevent dengue
fever?
A. Clear out stagnant water
B. Throwing food residue in a covered
garbage bin
C. Cover the food
D. Vaccination
Which of the following disease is
caused by virus?
A.Tuberculosis
B.Tinea
C.Influenza
D.Syphilis
Which disease is caused by fungi?
A. Mumps
B. Malaria
C. AIDS
D. Ringworm
Aminah has the following symptoms on her body?

•White spots on the skin

•Spots appear on the face, neck and arms
•Which of the following can spread this disease?

A. Through mosquito bites

B. Taking contaminated food
C. Sharing towels or combs
D. Drinking unboiled water
Which of the following disease can be
prevented by vaccination?
I. Poliomyelitis
II. Tetanus
III. Malaria
A.I and II only
B.I and III only
C.II and III only
D.I, II and III only
What is vaccine?

A. A substance that contains active live pathogen

B. A substance that contains dead or weakened
pathogens
C. A substance that contains antigen
D. A substance that contains antibody
Which of the following is the
antiseptic that is applied to
wounds to prevent infection?
A. Phenol
B. Iodine
C. Formalin
D. Lysol
Malaria can be prevented by
I. Spray oil on the surface of the water
II. Throwing food residue into rubbish bin
III. Rear fish in ponds
A.I and III only
B.I and II only
C.II and III only
D.I, II and III only
Which of the following is an antibiotic?

A. Quinine
B. Paracetamol
C. Streptomycin
D. Antiserums
An individual can acquire artificial
immunity after
A.recovering from an illness
B.drinking breast milk from mother
C.being injected with vaccine
D.being injected with antiserum
Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the effect (a) State the variables in this
of temperature on the growth of bacteria. experiment.
(i) Manipulated variable [1 mark]
(ii) Responding variable [1 mark]
(b) State the hypothesis for this
experiment. [1 mark]

(c) State the inference that can be

made based on this experiment. [1
mark]

(d) Based on this experiment,

state the operational definition for
After 2 days, the appearance of the nutrient broth bacteria. [1 mark]
in each test tube is observed. The result recorded Answer:
is shown in Table below. (a)(i) Temperature
(ii) Growth of bacteria
(b) A suitable temperature is essential for the
growth of
bacteria. Bacteria grow well at optimum
temperature
which is 37oC
(c) Bacteria growth very fast at 37oC
(d) Bacteria are tiny living organisms which
 In an experiment, a bacteria Basillus subtilis is
cultured in a petri dish containing nutrient agar for
five days at 37 oC.
The results of the experiment is shown in the
Table.

(a) Using data in the Table, draw a graph of the

number of bacterial colonies against time. [2
marks]
(b) What is the relationship between the number of
bacterial colonies and time? [1 mark]

(c) Predict the number of bacterial colonies

produced on the 6th day. [1 mark]
 In an experiment, a bacteria Basillus subtilis is
cultured in a petri dish containing nutrient agar for
five days at 37 oC.
The results of the experiment is shown in the
Table.

(a) Using data in the Table, draw a graph of the

number of bacterial colonies against time. [2
marks]
(b) What is the relationship between the number of
bacterial colonies and time? [1 mark]

(c) Predict the number of bacterial colonies

produced on the 6th day. [1 mark] (b) The number of bacterial colonies increases
with time.
(c) 22 or 23
Diagram 3 shows an experiment to study the effect of light on the growth of
microorganisms.

(a) State one observation for the bread

which has been kept in the dark for two
days. [1 mark]
Yellow spots are formed on the bread.
(b) Based on Diagram 3, what is
microorganism W? [1 mark]
Mark ( √ ) for your answer.

(c) State one hypothesis for this experiment. [1

mark]
Microorganisms grow well in
darkness.
(d) State the variables in this experiment.
(i) Manipulated variable [1 mark]
Light intensity
(ii) Responding variable [1 mark]
Question 1:
Figure 1 shows the result of an experiment to
study the effect of different concentrations of an
antibiotic on bacteria growth. Answer:
(a) A higher concentration of an
antibiotic will kill more bacteria.

(b)(i) Concentration of an
antibiotic.

(b)(ii) Clear area

(c) The clear area that surrounds

the antibiotic disc of high
concentration is larger/ wider than
(a) State one hypothesis for this experiment. [1 mark] the clear area that surrounds the
antibiotic disc of low concentration.
(b) State the variables in this experiment.
(i) Manipulated variable [1 mark] (d) Antibiotic is a substance that
(ii) Responding variable [1 mark] produces a clear area around the
nutrient agar that contains
(c) Write down one observation for this experiment. [1 mark] bacteria.

(d) What is meant by antibiotic based on this experiment (operational definition). [1 mark]