Physics Lab Presentation On Refractive Index of Prism

Index of Prism
Material Using
a
Spectrometer
ANT
LIA
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98
ORI
ON
199 Here is where your
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presentation begins!
TABLE OF
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CONTENTS
OVERVIEW 0
T FEATURES OF 1
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THE TOPIC
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Experimental .2
Data 0
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Discussion &
Conclusion 0
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01
INTRODUCTIO
N
.
T The refractive index of a material is a
fundamental property that describes
how much the speed of light is
1 reduced as it passes through the
material. Measuring the refractive
index of a material is essential in
designing and analyzing optical
instruments such as lenses, prisms,
and fibers. In this experiment, we will
determine the refractive index of the
material of a prism using a
spectrometer
0
T
2
REFRACTIVE
.
1
INDEX
Refractive index is a fundamental property of
a material that describes how much the speed
of light is reduced as it passes through the
material compared to the speed of light in a
vacuum
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WHAT ANGLE OF
DEVIATION?
When a ray of light enters a prism, it
T undergoes refraction, or bending, due
to the change in the speed of light as
1 it passes from one medium (air) to
another (the prism material). The
angle of deviation is the angle
between the incident ray and the
emergent ray after passing through
the prism. It represents the amount by
which the direction of the light ray
changes as a result of refraction in the
prism
WHAT ANGLE OF 003-1040559 1250 003-77156.8 1760 0009-14563.7 73273
DEVIATION IN PRISM?
A prism with a prism angle A is to be considered. A
ray of OP is to be allowed to strike the
first face of a prism, which passes through the

prism’s primary plane, and emerges from the
T other face in the direction QR. Let i1 and r1 be the

incidence and refraction angles on the
1 prism's first face, and i2 & r2 be the corresponding

variables on the prism's second face.
When the angles i1 = i2 and r1= r2, the position of

minimum deviation is achieved as the ray
passes symmetrically through the prism.
We know the angle of prism, A = r1 + r2
In the position of minimum deviation,
A = 2r1
Or, r1= A/2

ANGLE OF DEVIATION 003-1040559 1250 003-77156.8 1760 0009-14563.7 73273
IN PRISM
Now, the deviation of the ray,
δ = (i1 – r1) + (i2-r2)
Or, δ = (i1 + i2) + (r1 + r2)
T
Or, δ = (i1 + i2) – A
In the position of minimum deviation,
1 δ = δm
δm = 2i1-A
Or, i1 = 𝜹𝒎 +𝑨/𝟐
From Snell’s Law, the refractive index,
µ = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒊𝟏/𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒓𝟏
𝑺𝒊𝒏 ( 𝜹 𝒎 + 𝑨)/2
µ=
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨/ 2
Apparatus
T
1
Prism
Spectrometer
Sodium lamp Stopwatch

Experimental procedure
Adjustment of Telescope:
a. The spectrometer and the prism table were arranged in

horizontal position and levelling screws were used to tighten
it.
T b. A clear and sharp image was received as the telescope

was turned towards a distant object.
1 c. The slit was illuminated by a sodium vapor lamp. The slit

and the collimator were suitably adjusted, such that, a narrow
& vertical image of the slit was received.
d. The telescope was turned such that it received a direct ray

which coincided with the vertical crosswire
Figure: Arrangement to determine angle of minimum deviation

Experimental procedure
Measurement of angle of minimum deviation: e. The prism was carefully removed from the prism table. The
telescope was turned parallel to the collimator and the direct ray
a. A prism was placed such that the center of the prism readings were noted.
coincided with the center of the prism table, the incident
ray fell on one of the polished faces and the refracted ray f. The difference between the direct ray readings and the deviated
𝜹𝒎 . The refractive index of the material of the prism was found

emerged out of the other polished face. The telescope readings were found, which was the angle of minimum deviation,
T was turned such that the refracted image could be viewed

on the other face. Figure 2: Spectrometer through use of equation 1.
1 b. The Vernier table was slowly turned in a direction such

that the image of the slit moved towards the directed ray,
i.e., it moved in the direction which the angle of deviation
decreased.
c. The image was found to be stationary at a certain

position. The Vernier table was fixed to that position. The
telescope and the fine adjusting slider were used so that
the slit coincided with the cross wire.
d. The corresponding main scale and both the Vernier

scales (Vernier I and Vernier II) readings were noted.
0
T
1
3.
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Analysis and Calculation
Reflective Index,
Therefore, given prism is a flint prism with theoretical refractive index, µ= 1.5118
T
1
0
Discussion
• Importance of refractive index: The refractive index is a The refractive index is calculated by using Snell's law,
fundamental property of a material that affects how light which relates the angle of incidence and angle of
interacts with it. Measuring the refractive index is refraction to the refractive indices of the two media.
4.
important for designing and analyzing optical systems
such as lenses, prisms, and fibers. • Source of error: There are several sources of error
that can affect the accuracy of the experiment, such
• Principles of the experiment: The experiment involves as imperfections in the prism, misalignment of the
T measuring the angle of deviation of a light ray passing
through a prism using a spectrometer. By knowing the
spectrometer, and variations in the wavelength of
the light source.
geometry of the prism and the angle of deviation, we
1 can calculate the refractive index of the prism material
using Snell's law.
• Applications: The experiment has practical
applications in the field of optics and photonics,
where the refractive index is a crucial parameter in
• Materials and equipment: To conduct the experiment, the design of optical devices such as lenses,
we need a prism, spectrometer, light source, ruler, and prisms, and fibers. Knowledge of the refractive
protractor. The prism should be made of a material with index can also help in the identification and
a known refractive index. characterization of materials.
• Experimental procedure: The experimental procedure Overall, this experiment provides a hands-on
involves setting up the spectrometer, aligning the prism, demonstration of the principles of optics and helps to
measuring the angle of deviation, and calculating the reinforce the concepts of refraction, Snell's law, and
refractive index. The angle of deviation is the angle the geometry of optical systems
between the incident ray and the emergent ray after
passing through the prism.
THAN
T
0 K YOU
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Index of Prism

1250 003-77156.8 1760 0009-14563.7 73273

first face of a prism, which passes through the

T other face in the direction QR. Let i1 and r1 be the

1 prism's first face, and i2 & r2 be the corresponding

When the angles i1 = i2 and r1= r2, the position of

passes symmetrically through the prism.

We know the angle of prism, A = r1 + r2

In the position of minimum deviation,

Or, r1= A/2

δ = (i1 – r1) + (i2-r2)

Or, δ = (i1 + i2) + (r1 + r2)

In the position of minimum deviation,

From Snell’s Law, the refractive index,

Sodium lamp Stopwatch

a. The spectrometer and the prism table were arranged in

T b. A clear and sharp image was received as the telescope

1 c. The slit was illuminated by a sodium vapor lamp. The slit

d. The telescope was turned such that it received a direct ray

Figure: Arrangement to determine angle of minimum deviation

𝜹𝒎 . The refractive index of the material of the prism was found

T was turned such that the refracted image could be viewed

1 b. The Vernier table was slowly turned in a direction such

c. The image was found to be stationary at a certain

d. The corresponding main scale and both the Vernier

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