ROOTS

ROOTS
 Wide bark and a small central woody
core, eg., Ipecacuanha
 Narrow bark and a large radiate xylem,
eg., Senega
 Narrow bark and a paranchymatous
xylem, eg., Calumba and gentian
 Large parenchymatous xylem with
tertiary formations, eg., Jalap
 Large parenchymatous pith, eg.
Sarsaparilla and aconite
 IPECACUAHNA
()Radix Ipecacuanhae
Part used
The dried enlarged roots of Cephaelis
ipecacuanha (rio) and C.
accuminata (cartagena), fam.
Rubiaceae

 Geographical source
It grows in moist forests in Brazil
 Sub-cylindrical,
tortuous pieces
with annulated
appearance
 The bark may
separate
leaving the
central xylem.
 Rhizome are
cylindrical pieces
show fine
longitudinal
wrinkles but no
annulations.
 Scars and
occasional buds
are present
 COMPARISON OF IPECACUANHA
ROOT
CARTAGENA RIO
IPECACUANHA IPECACUANHA
MM 4-6.5 MM 1-4 DIAMETER

GREYISH-BROWN BRICK-RED TO COLOR

BROWN
LESS CROWDED VERY ANNULATION
AND LESS CROWDED S
PROJECTING
BIGGER SMALLER STARCH SIZE
 COLOR
Dark brown
 FRACTURE
Short in the bark and splintery in
the wood
 ODOR
Little but irritating and
sternutatory in powder form
 TASTE:
Bitter
 1ry xylem:triarch

A B

T.CUT OF IPECACUANHA ROOT

(A) AND THE RHIZOME (B)
Transverse section of Rio
Ipecacuanha root
:The powder
 Color:
light grayish to brown
 Odor:
Irritating and sternutatory
 Taste:
Bitter
Starch
Lignified pitted
granules parenchyma of the pith
from the rhizome
 reddish-brown cork

Acicular crystals of Lignified xylem

calcium oxalate fiber showing
septa and few
Lignified pitted rectangular sclerides
from the rhizome
(The number of the cells per
milligram of stem is constant and
may be used to determine the
proportion of stem present)
 Constituent
:s
 Alkaloids (2-3%) of the isoquinoline
nucleus; emetine (non phenolic),
cephaline and psychotrine (phenolic).
The non-phenolic alkaloids should be
not less than 60% of the total alkaloids
 Glycosidal tannins, ipecacuanhin and

ipecacuanhic acid
 Starch and calcium oxalate
:Test for identity (emetine)

Powder + HCL

FILTER

Filtrate

POTASSIUM
CHLORATE
Yellow color
STAND FOR ONE HOUR

Red
color
 :USES
 Emetic and expectorant
 Possesses diaphoretic and
colagogue properties
 For the treatment of amoebic
dysentery,
 emetine hydrochloride is given by
injection
 SENEGA ROOT
(RADIX SENEGA)
PART USED:
The dried root and root stalk of
Polygala senega, Fam.
Polygalaceae

 GEOG. SOURCE:
JAPAN AND WESTERN CANADA
 ODOR:
Marked odor of methyl salicylate.
 TASTE:
At first sweet after wards sour and
acrid.
Description
 T.cut

 THE MEDULLARY RAYS ARE V-SHAPED OR AS

A WIDE WEDGE OF PARENCHYMA
 SECONDARY PHLOEM FORM KEEL
 1RY XYLEM: DIARCH
:THE POWDER
 COLOR: Pale grey to brown

 Odor: Characteristic methyl

salicylate odor

 TASTE: At first sweet after wards

sour and acrid.
CORK PARENCHYMA CONTAINING
GLOBULES OF FIXED OIL
 Detached warty
trichome with
Pitted vessels and blunt tips
trachids
Fragments of the epidermis of scale
leaves with sinous anticlinal walls
showing anomocytic stomata and
unicellular covering trichome
 CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS,
FIBRES, SCLERENCHYMA AND
STARCH ARE ABSENT
 :Constituents
1-Saponin glycosides; Senegin II
Methyl salicylate and fixed oil ,sterol and -2
;polygallitol
the 3- anhydride of the hexahydric sugar alcohol
(sorbitol;) this has a sweet taste

:Uses

Stimulant expectorant
in chronic bronchitis
Tests for identity
Powder + water

Boil &
filter

Filtrate

Shake

Persistent
froth
Extract the powder with ether -2
acidulated with dilute HCl, Separate the
acidic layer then add ferric chloride
sol. → A reddish-violet color (Salicylic
.acid)
 CALUMBA
PART USED:
The dried sliced roots of
Jateorhiza palmata, Fam.
Menispermaceae

 GEOG. SOURCE:
Indigenous to the forests of
Mezambique and Madaguscar
 :Collection

 The roots are dug up from

the soil, cut into transverse
or oblique slices and dried
in the shade
 :Description

 The drug occurs in circular or oblique

slices about 2 to 8 cm in diameter and
from 3 to 12 mm in thickness
 The outer surface is covered by a thin,
dark brownish-grey and longitudinally
wrinkled cork. Usually depressed in the
centre on both sides
Transverse Section In
Calumba Root
:THE POWDER
 COLOR: Yellowish brown
with greenish tinge
 ODOR: Slight

 TASTE: Bitter
Large sclerides; thickened with pits
and yellow walls containing small
prisms of CaOx present in the outer
region of the cortex
Cork cells, thin-walled and polygonal
in surface view filled with yellow to
greenish-yellow content
Large vessels with yellow lignified
walls, with reticulate thickened or
bordered pitted
Starch granules; mostly simple with
distinct eccentric hilum, cleft or
irregularly stellate
 :CONSTITUENTS
Isoquinoline alkaloids (2-3%);
Calumbamine, jateorhizine and
Palmatine.
: Non-alkaloidal bitter principles
. Calumbin, and Palmarin
Mucilage, starch but no tannin
 :Uses
 Stomachic and bitter tonic

:TEST
T.S. when treated with H2SO4
(66%), the walls of both the
sclerenchymatous cells and
vessels change from YELLOW to
deep GREEN
 Aconite -4
Part used: The dried roots of Aconitium
napellus, Fam. Ranunculaceae.
Geog. Source: English and Central Europe
:Description
shape : ob-conical
color : dark brown
length:4 -10 cm, diameter:1-3 cm at the crown
;Fracture : short
The odor : is slight
the taste :is sweetish, then bitter but later a
sensation of numbness develops and persists for
.sometime
Metaderm :outermost -1
layer of the cortex
: Cortex -2
Endodermis :brownish -3
rectangular cells with
. . suberised radial walls
: Phloem -4
The xylem : primary in -5
the centre of the
projecting angle of the
cambium; secondary,
formed by the cambium
and consists of
small groups of pitted
and reticulate vessels
embedded in
. parenchyma
The Pith : large and is -6
entirely parenchymatous
 :Constituents
Alkaloids (0.2-1.5%) mainly aconitine, -
.aconine and picraconitine
.Starch and aconitic acid -2
:Uses
Externally for treatment of neuralgia-1
.and rheumatism
Internally, it is given in the form of -2
.small doses in cases of fever and pain
 GENTIAN
 PART USED:
It is the dried fermented root
and rhizome of Gentiana Lutea
Fam. Gentianaceae

 GEOG. SOURCE:
Indigenous to central Europe
:Description

A piece of
gentian
root (A)
and
rhizome
(B)
:T.CUT

ROOT RHIZOM
E
:POWDER

 COLOR: Brown
 ODOR: Characteristic

 TASTE: Intensely bitter

 cork

Reticulate
Par. cells contain
.d xylem v fixed oil and
acicular crystals of
Ca Ox
:CONSTITUENTS
 Bitter glycosides mainly seco-iridoids
gentiopicrin and Xanthone (gentisin)

 Yellow coloring matter

 Sugars:
trisaccharides: gentianose
disaccharide: gentiobiose and
sucrose
 FERMENTED GENTIAN

 This is darker in color, with less bitter

taste and very distinctive odor

 Enzymes present hydrolyse the

gentiopicrin and the sugars
Gentiopicrin gentiogenin +glucose
Sugars glucose+ fructose
 :USES

 Favorite Bitter tonic

 JALAP
(VERA CRUZ JALAP)
 PART USED:
The dried tuberous roots of
Ipomoea purga, Fam.
Convulvulaceae

 GEOG.. SOURCE:
MEXICO
COLLECTION AND PREPARATION

 The tuberous roots are collected

and dried in nets over fires.
 The larger tubers are longitudinally
incised to allow for the evaporation
of moisture.
 After drying, the white interior of
the drug darkens in color
:Description
Fusiform, napiform or irregularly oblong
in shape

…
 The tubers are extremely hard and
heavy (due to gelatinization of
starch), they break with difficulty but
softens readily by prolonged soaking
in water.
Color: Light grayish brown to
brown
 Odor: Smoky

 Taste: Sweet afterward bitter

T-CUT
 cork

Transverse Section of
Jalap Root
Parenchyma cells showing starch
granules, cluster crystals of CaOx and
resin
Fragments of the dark brown cork,
composed of polygonal thin-walled
cells
 Few isolated sclerides, clusters of CaOx
:CONSTITUENTS
 Glycosidal resin (9-18%)
The main constituents of the resin
(90%) is the ether-insoluble portion
(convolvulin or jalapin)
 Coloring matter, mannitol, starch
:USES
 Jalap is a powerful stimulant of the
intestinal secretion, producing in
small doses a laxative effect and in
large doses purgation (hydragogue
cathertic).
 - Regarding to this picture all are true
except;
a- Is described as diarch.
b- Its ground tissue contain prism of
CaOx
c- It contain greenish- oleo-resin as
active constituent
d- Is used as a vermifuge
e- Can be taken with saline purgative
-The xylem is small but the phloem is large showing
concentric rings of sieve tissue and laticeferous vessels
this the anomalous structures of ;
a- Ipecacuanha b- Belladonna c- Dandelion
d- Aconite e- Gentian
 -Regarding to filix mas all are true except;
a- Its active constituent is ester of tricyclic
phluroglucinol derivatives
b- Long storage lead to decrease the activity
c- The ramenta are the key element of all
type of
filix mas
d- Should taken with castor oil purgative

ndian Podophyllum differ from American one b

a- It contain more podophyllotoxin
b- The vascular bundles are not radially elongated
c - Its color is reddish brown
d- All of the above
e- Both (b) and(c)
 for
a- Calumba b- liquorice c-
Rhubarb
d- All of the above e- Both (a) and
(b)

- Regarding to this picture;

a- Is the key element of root contain
Isoquinoline
alkaloids
b-Contain Non-alkaloidal bitter principles
c- Has no tannin
d- All of the above
e- Both (a) and (b)
- Drug has diaphoretic and colagogue
properties
a-Jalap b- Ipecacuanhae c- Senega
d- Calumba Root e- Both (b) and (d)

- The Jamaica official ginger should have no

cork
a- True b- False

- Calumba is contraindicated in people

suffering from gallstones
a- True b- False

1- Liquorice is a horizontal Monocot. rhizomes
a- True b- False
2- Persian Liquorice present in unpeeled form
True b- False
3- Senega is used as expectorant in chronic
bronchitis
True b- False
4-Podophyllum peltatum contains α and ß -peltatin
a-True b- False


Glycyrrhizin on hyd.give
glycyrrhizinic acid
and 2 glucuronic acids
a- True b- False
Emetine is non phenolic, isoquinoline
alkaloid
a- True b- False
Complete the following sentences
and insert your answer in the
answer sheet:
In Star
…(1)…. The cambium gives phloem to the
spots
inside and xylem to the outside, while
Ipomoea in
purga

……(2)…. The cambium gives parenchyma

in both side
ginger

…(3)…. Is an exampleMotionof monocotyledonous

sicknes

rhizome, which used … (4)…..

10%Alc. furfural +dps. H2SO4+ little powder →
bluish-violet color, this test is specific for
Rhabonticin

… (5)….
…(12)… is used In the treatment of rheumatoid
liqurice
arthritis, and contain …(13)… as a key element
Crystal sheath
… (14) … is used for the treatment of warts and
contain …(15)… as active constituents
Podophyllum Rhizome
Podophylotoxin
…(25)…and ……(26)..contain
Ipecacuanhae
Isoquinoline
alkaloids calumba
-…..(27)……has
calumba diaphoretic and
cholagogue properties
-……(28)……Is used externally for
Aconite
treatment of neuralgia and rheumatism