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    Counters & Time Delays: Counter

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    Counters & Time Delays: Counter

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    itssam4577
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    L9

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    4 views8 pages

    Counters & Time Delays: Counter

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    itssam4577

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    Counters & Time

    Counter:
    Delays
    A counter in 8085 is a sequence of instructions designed to count the number of occurrences
    of an event or to count down a specific value.

    •Usage: Counters are used in loops where the microprocessor needs to repeat an operation
    a specific number of times. For example, counting the number of pulses, steps, or iterations
    in a loop.

    Time Delay:

    A time delay is a method used to pause or delay the execution of the program for a specific
    period.

    •Usage: Time delays are crucial in controlling the timing of hardware interactions, creating
    pauses between operations, or synchronizing events.
    Counters & Time Delays

    • A loop counter is set up by loading a register with a certain value


    • Then using the DCR (to decrement) and INR (to increment) the contents of the register are
    updated.
    • A loop is set up with a conditional jump instruction that loops back or not depending on
    whether the count has reached the termination count.

    Time delay loop


    • Knowing how many T-States an instruction requires, and keeping in mind that a T-State
    is one clock cycle long, we can calculate the time using the following formula: Delay =
    No. of T-States / Frequency.

    • For example a “MVI” instruction uses 7 T-States. Therefore, if the Microprocessor is


    running at 2 MHz, the instruction would require 3.5 µSeconds to complete.

    • Delay loop: We can use a loop to produce a certain amount of time delay in a program.

    MVI C, FFH 7 T-States


    LOOP DCR C 4 T-States
    JNZ LOOP 10 T-States
    We need to keep in mind though that in the last iteration of the loop, the JNZ instruction will fail
    and require only 7 T-States rather than the 10.
    Therefore, we must deduct 3 T-States from the total delay to get an accurate delay calculation.

    To calculate the delay, we use the following formula: Tdelay = delay outside the loop (TO) +
    delay of the loop (TL )

    TO = 7 T-States – Delay of the MVI instruction


    TL = (14 X 255) - 3 = 3567 T-States
    Using a Register Pair as a Loop
    Counter
    LXI B, 1000H 10 T-States A minor problem arises in how to test for the final
    LOOP DCX B 6 T-States count since DCX and INX do not modify the flags.
    MOV A, C 4 T-States However, if the loop is looking for when the count
    ORA B 4 T-States becomes zero, we can use a small trick by ORing
    JNZ LOOP 10 T-States the two registers in the pair and then checking the
    zero flag

    TO = 10 T-States The delay for the LXI instruction


    TL = (24 X 4096) - 3 = 98301 T- States
    Nested Loops
    A nested loop structure can be used to increase the total delay
    produced.
    MVI B, 10H 7 T-States
    LOOP2 MVI C, FFH 7 T-States Delay of inner loop – TO1 = 7 T-States (MVI C,
    LOOP1 DCR C 4 T-States FFH)
    JNZ LOOP1 10 T-States TL1 = (255 X 14) - 3 = 3567 T-States
    DCR B 4 T-States
    JNZ LOOP2 10 T-States
    Delay of outer loop
    TO2 = 7 T-States • MVI B, 10H
    TL2 = (16 X (14 + 3567+7)) - 3 = 57405 T-States

    TDelay = 7 + 57405 = 57412 T-States


    Counters design with Time Delays
    Problem Statement: Write a program to count continuously in backward from FFH to
    00H in a system with a 0.5 µs clock period. Use register C to set up a one millisecond
    (ms) delay between each count and display the numbers at one of the output ports.

    Delay Calculations
    The delay loop includes two instructions: DCR C and JNZ
    with 14 T-states. Therefore, the time delay T in the loop
    (without accounting for the fact that JNZ requires seven T-
    states in the last cycle) is T= 14 T-states x T (Clock
    period) x Count = 14 x (0.5 uS) x Count = = (7.0 uS) x
    Count
    8C

    The delay outside the loop includes the following


    instructions: DCR B 4T
    MVI C,COUNT 7T
    MOV A,B 4T
    OUT PORT 10T
    JMP 10T
    Delay outside loop: To = 35 T-states X T = 35 × (0.5 uS)

    T-states Total
    Time Delay TD = To + TL
    1 ms = 17.5 uS + (7.0 uS) x Count
    Count = 8CH
    Practice problem

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