Gender Report

The Process of Reproduction
Reporters:
Roniel Jan Devecais
Kiesha Nicole Fale
Russel Espenorio
Rico Boy Hinon
Lesson Objectives:
• 1. define fertilization, conception and pregnancy;
• 2. When you finish reading this chapter, you should be
able to explain : how pregnancy occurs and its prevention;
and
• 3. identify the complications of early pregnancy in the
growing adolescent.
Definition of Terms:
• Ovulation - the process when a mature ovum is released

from the ovary and travels to the fallopian tube for possible
fertilization.
• Fertilization - union of the sperm and the ovum.
• Pregnancy - the process when an offspring develops within
the mother's womb.
• Zygote - fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a
female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).
Introduction
Although human beings are fully sexually differentiated at birth, the

differences between males and females are accentuated at puberty.
This is when the reproductive system matures, secondary sexual
characteristics develop, and the bodies of males and females appear
more distinctive.
Female puberty usually begins at about 8-13 years of age; the
reproduction maturation of boys lags about two years behind that of
girls. The physical changes of female puberty include breast
development, rounding of the hips and buttocks, growth of the hair in
the pubic region and the underarm, and the start of menstruation.
How does one ovulate?
The major landmark of puberty among females is the onset of
the menstrual cycle, the monthly ovulation cycle that leads to
menstruation (loss of blood and tissues lining the uterus) in
the absence of pregnancy. The menstrual cycle is from the
first day of a period until the day before the next period
starts.
Normally, it lasts around 28 days, on the average, but can be
as short as 21 or as long as 40. Whatever the length, ovulation
will happen about 10-16 days before the start of the next
period
1.Fertilization: A Sperm and an Egg
Form a Zygote
During sexual intercourse, some
sperm ejaculated from the male penis
swim up through the female vagina
and uterus toward an oocyte (egg cell)
floating in one of the uterine tubes.
The sperm and the egg are gametes.
They each contain half the genetic
information necessary for
reproduction. When a sperm cell
penetrates and fertilizes an egg, that
genetic information combines. The 23
chromosomes from the sperm pair
with 23 chromosomes in the egg,
2.The Zygote Becomes an Embryo: Development
Prior to and During Implantation
A fertilized egg, or zygote, takes

about five days to reach the uterus
from the uterine tube. As it moves,
the zygote divides and develops
into a blastocyst, with an inner
mass of cells and a protective outer
ring. At day 15 after conception,
the cells that will form the embryo
become an embryonic disc.
The yolk sac, on one side of the
disc, will become part of the
digestive tract. On the other side,
the amnion fills with fluid and will
3.In Eight Weeks, the Embryo Develops; By the
End of Week 10 It Becomes a Fetus
Fifteen days after conception marks the

beginning of the embryonic period. The
embryo contains a flat embryonic disc that
now differentiates into three layers: the
endoderm, the mesoderm, and the
ectoderm. All organs of the human body
derive from these three tissues. They begin
to curve and fold and to form an oblong
body. By week 4, the embryo has a distinct
head and tail and a beating heart. Over the
next six weeks, limbs, eyes, brain regions,
and vertebrae form. Primitive versions of
all body systems appear. By the end of
4.Fetal Development Ends with Labor, a Three-
Stage Process
From week 10 of pregnancy, the

fetus grows inside the uterus,
fueled by nutrient-rich blood
supplied by the umbilical cord.
The placenta provides oxygen and
nutrients to the fetus and
removes waste products from the
fetus’ blood. Bones, muscles, skin,
and connective tissues form. Body
systems develop Limbs and facial
features take shape. Around week
36 (usually), the process of labor
What are the health effects of early
pregnancy in the growing adolescent?
There are serious health risks associated with early
pregnancy because a young woman's body is not mature
enough to handle bearing a child. When a woman is
under 20, the pelvic area (the bone surrounding the birth
canal) is still growing and may not be large enough to
allow the baby to easily pass through the birth canal. This
can result in what is called an "obstructed labor".
Obstructed labor is dangerous to both mother and child
and requires the help of trained medical professionals.
Under the best circumstances, the young woman will
have an operation called a "caesarean section" in which
a cut is made in the abdomen and the baby is removed
directly from the uterus. If a young woman is not
physically mature, the uterus may tear during the birth
process, and she may die because of blood loss. If she is
lucky and survives the delivery, she might face fistula due
A baby's head can also tear the vagina causing a hole between the vagina
and bladder or between the vagina and the rectum, resulting in what is
known as a fistula. Unless she has an operation to fix her problem, for the
rest of her life, she will not be able to hold her urine or feces and this will
make her a social outcast. any or In addition, younger women who become
pregnant face a higher risk than older women in developing a number of
other complications. These complications can be a combination of the
following manifestations:
• excessive vomiting;
• severe anemia;
• hypertension;
• convulsions;
• difficulty in breast feeding (if the girl is too young to produce milk);
• premature and low birth weight babies;
• infection;
• prolonged labor; and
• high maternal mortality or death
The risk of having serious complications during pregnancy or
childbirth is much higher for girls in their early teens than for older
women. Ages of 20-30 years are the safest period of women's life
for child bearing. The major difference between girls in their early
teens and older women is that girls aged 12-16 years are still
growing. The pelvis, or the bony birth canal, of a girl can grow
wider by as much as 20% between the time she begins
menstruating and the time she is 16 years old. This widening of the
pelvis can make the crucial difference between a safe delivery and
obstructed labor.
It is not surprising, therefore, to find that obstructed labor, due to

disproportion between the size of the infant's head and the
mother's pelvis, is most common among very young mothers. The
consequences of such obstructed labor may be death due to
numerous complications or lifetime crippling conditions of
Thank you for
listening
Quizzz
time
1.The process when an offspring develops within
the mother's womb.
a. Zygote b. Pregnancy c.
Fertilization
2.The process when a mature ovum is released

from the ovary and travels to the fallopian tube for
possible fertilization.
a. Pregnancy b. Zygote c.
Ovulation
3.____________ is the union of the sperm and the

ovum.
4.)___________ is the fertilized egg cell that results from
the union of a female gamete (egg or ovum) with a
male gamete (sperm).
a. Zygote b. Pregnancy c. fertilization
5.)An operation in which a cut is made in the abdomen

and the baby is removed directly from the uterus.
a. Obstructed labor b. Labor c.
Caesarean section
6-10.) Give 5 complication when younger women get

pregnant
1.B
2.C
3.A
4.A
5.C
6-10.
• excessive vomiting
• severe anemia
• hypertension
• convulsions
• difficulty in breast feeding (if the girl is too young to produce milk)
• premature and low birth weight babies
• infection
• prolonged labor
• high maternal mortality or death

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The Process of Reproduction

• Ovulation - the process when a mature ovum is released

Although human beings are fully sexually differentiated at birth, the

A fertilized egg, or zygote, takes

Fifteen days after conception marks the

From week 10 of pregnancy, the

It is not surprising, therefore, to find that obstructed labor, due to

2.The process when a mature ovum is released

3.____________ is the union of the sperm and the

5.)An operation in which a cut is made in the abdomen

6-10.) Give 5 complication when younger women get

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