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    Overview of Topic

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    8.1.1

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    Overview of Topic

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    Overview of Topic

    8.1 Origins of the Elements


    Inquiry Question
    What evidence is there for the origins of the
    elements?
    Syllabus Outcome
    1. INVESTIGATE the processes that
    led to the transformation of radiation
    into matter that followed the 'big bang'
    Learning Intention: To
    describe 'The Big Bang'.
    Discussion: What are the
    largest and smallest objects
    in the universe?
    Largest = Galaxy Cluster
    • The biggest single entity that scientists have identified
    in the universe is a supercluster of galaxies called
    the Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall. It's so
    wide that light takes about 10 billion years to move
    across the entire structure (remember, it takes about 8
    minutes for light to reach us from the Sun).
    Structure of the Universe
    Smallest = Quarks
    • Protons and neutrons can be broken down into
    quarks. As far as we can tell, quarks can't be
    broken down into anything smaller – they are
    elementary particles.
    Standard Model of Matter
    The Standard Model is the name
    given to the theory of fundamental
    particles and how they interact.
    This model of particle physics
    explains three of the four
    fundamental forces in the universe
    (electromagnetism, the strong
    nuclear force and the weak nuclear
    force) in terms of an exchange of
    particles called gauge bosons.
    Gauge bosons are one of the two
    fundamental classes of particles,
    the other being fermions.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehHo
    OYqAT_U
    Discussion: How did the
    universe begin?
    The Big Bang Theory
    3D Animation of Big Bang
    Origins of the Universe 101
    | National Geographic
    Before Time & Space |
    National Geographic
    Timeline of the Universe

    https://maitland.instructure.com/courses/6549/assignments/78957?module_ite
    m_id=199610
    The Big Bang… and a little after

    19
    Separation of the Four Fundamental Forces

    Keeps the
    nucleus together

    Responsible for
    radioactive decay

    20
    BBT Timeline for Particle
    Formation
    • According to the BBT, all four forces separated
    and quarks and leptons came into existence in
    the first microsecond.
    • This corresponded to a decrease in temperature
    from 1032K to 1015K.
    • Within 3 minutes, hadrons, such as protons and
    neutrons, were formed.
    • Over the next 380 000 years, nuclei, mainly
    hydrogen, helium and some lithium, formed as
    the temperature dropped to 3000K.
    BBT Timeline for Particle
    Formation
    • During this time, radiation was produced by
    collisions between matter and antimatter.
    • After around 380 000 years, conditions were
    ripe for the formation of hydrogen atoms.
    – Neutral atoms do not scatter radiation, so this could
    now escape.
    • Clumps of neutral matter – atoms and
    molecules – formed. Under the influence of
    gravity, gas clouds, stars and galaxies clumped
    together.
    Summary
    Evidence for the BBT
    Evidence for the BBT
    • According to the predictions, any residual
    gamma radiation from the Big Bang would be
    seen from every direction.
    • The wavelengths would be extremely stretched
    after so much expansion of the universe.
    • They should be seen as microwaves,
    corresponding to a temperature of approx. 3K.
    Evidence for the BBT
    • This residual radiant energy that did not form into
    matter can be detected today.
    • Its signature wavelength is consistent with the
    predictions of the BBT.
    Evidence for the BBT
    • In 1965, Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias measured
    this radiation for the first time.
    • Satellites launched by NASA (COBE from 1989 to
    1993 and WMAP from 2001 to 2011) and the European
    Space Agency (Planck from 2009 to 2013) have
    measured the cosmic microwave background
    radiation (CMBR) to very high levels of accuracy.
    • This is the strongest evidence for the BBT.
    • https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.
    ess.eiu.microwave/evidence-for-the-big-bang-theory/
    Summary (Handout)
    Your Turn
    Start your first LOGBOOK
    ENTRY:
    • Log on to CANVAS to
    download the template.
    • Fill in the topic, inquiry Q +
    date.
    • Complete your summary
    notes. Include any relevant
    diagrams and/or images.
    • APA referencing.

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