The first cloned animals were northern leopard frogs that were cloned in 1952. Thomas J.

. King and Robert Briggs cloned 35 frog embryos and saw 27 tadpoles hatch. King and Briggs believed, based on their clones, that young cells were more viable for the cloning process. Cells that were taken from adults resulted in abnormally developed tadpoles.

(A.) Robert Briggs (December 10, 1911 March 4, 1983)

(B.) Thomas J. King (June 4, 1921 October 25, 2000)

a leopard frog

 The next successful cloning experiments also resulted in cloned frogs. John Gurdon cloned South African frogs in 1962. From 1962 to 1965, Thomas King, Robert McKinnell and Marie Di Berardino created more frog clones from adult frog cells.
Sir John Bertrand Gurdon (JBG), (born 2 October 1933)

Thomas King

Marie Di Berardino Robert McKinnell

 In 1964 Frederick Campion Steward took an adult root cell from a carrot plant and successfully cloned the plant. Throughout the rest of the 1960s, scientists continued to clone frogs and to discover more about DNA. The first gene was discovered in 1969.

Frederick "Camp" Campion Steward

(16 June 1904 13 September 1993)

 Some of the first cloned animals were created by Hans Dreisch in 1895 Dreich's experiments involved sea urchins, which he picked because they have large embryo cells, and grow independently of their mothers.

Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch

(28 October 1867 - 16 April 1941)

In 1902, another scientist, embryologist Hans Spemann, used a hair from his infant son as a knife to separate a 2celled embryo of a salamander, which also grow externally. He later separated a single cell from a 16-celled embryo. In these experiments, both the large and the small embryos developed into identical adult salamanders. In this way, he theorized, he would be able to prove that no genetic material was lost as cells grew and divided.

Hans Spemann (June 27, 1869 September 9, 1941)

 In 1977, the first cloned mice were created. Mouse cloning research continued, and new cloned mice were created in 1979. The first mammal was cloned in 1984. The cloned sheep was quickly followed in 1985 with cloned cattle embryos. A cow clone was created in 1986 and several calves in 1993. That same year, human embryos were cloned for the first time. In 1995 and 1996, sheep were cloned, including the famous Dolly. Since Dolly's creation, the cloning of mice and other small animals has continued, but human cloning research has been banned in many countries.

Dolly with her first-born lamb, Bonnie

 Cloning

Cloning Powerpoint

Cloning
Cloning in biotechnology refers to the processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms.

Cloning Powerpoint

Cloning
Cloning in biotechnology refers to the processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms. The term Clone came from the Greek word kl n, which means twig, referring to the process wherein a new plant can be created from a twig

Cloning Powerpoint

In the United States, the human consumption of meat and other products from cloned animals was approved by the Food And Drugs Association on December 28, 2006, with no special labeling required. Cloned beef and other products have since been regularly consumed in the US without distinction. Such practice has met strong resistance in other regions, such as Europe, particularly over the labeling issue.

Cloning Powerpoint

Three Types of Cloning

Cloning Powerpoint

Three Types of Cloning DNA Cloning

Cloning Powerpoint

Three Types of Cloning DNA Cloning Reproductive Cloning

Cloning Powerpoint

Three Types of Cloning DNA Cloning Reproductive Cloning Therapeutic Cloning

Cloning Powerpoint

DNA Cloning

Cloning Powerpoint

DNA Cloning
Refers to the transfer of a DNA fragment of one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA fragment can be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around for about 30 years and is commonly used in molecular biology.

Cloning Powerpoint

Reproductive Cloning

Cloning Powerpoint

Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal with the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. Dolly was created this way by transferring genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg which has had its genetic material removed.

Reproductive Cloning

Dolly the Sheep

Cloning Powerpoint Therapeutic Cloning

Cloning Powerpoint Therapeutic Cloning Therapeutic Cloning can also be used to create embryos for research or therapeutic purposes. The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in stem cell research. The goal is not to create cloned human beings (called "reproductive cloning"), but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to potentially treat disease.

Cloning Powerpoint Therapeutic Cloning

Cloning Powerpoint Therapeutic Cloning

Cloning Powerpoint What is the difference of Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Reproductive cloning is a process for creating an exact whole copy of an already existing mature life form. In the case of human cloning, no humans have been cloned, as far as we know; as such, we don't know what the nature of a true human clone would be.

Cloning Powerpoint What is the difference of Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning To make the long story short: The Desired outcome for this process is to create another organism that is exactly alike with the Host organism.

Cloning Powerpoint What is the difference of Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Therapeutic cloning involves the creation of a whole copy of an already existing mature life form but not allow the cloned embryo to come to full term resulting in birth. The objective of this kind of cloning is to produce the "seed" material, cells, for growing replacement organs or for tissue engineering designed to heal or cure disease in human beings.

Cloning Powerpoint What is the difference of Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning To make another long story short: The Desired outcome of this process is to create seed material cells to replace damaged or diseased cells

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Tadpole The First cloned animal. (1952) However, Many scientists questioned whether cloning had actually occurred and unpublished experiments by other labs were not able to reproduce the reported results.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Carp Chinese embryologist Tong Dizhou successfully inserted the DNA from a male Asian Carp into the egg of a female Asian carp to create the first fish clone in 1963. In 1973 Dizhou inserted Asian carp DNA into a European Carp to create the first interspecies clone.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Mice - Masha Possibly the first cloned mammals was a mouse (named "Masha") in 1986, in the Soviet Union. However, the cloning was done from an embryo cell, while the sheep Dolly in 1996 was cloned from an adult cell.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Sheep Dolly (1996)Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Monkey Tetra Rhesus Monkey (female, January 2000) by embryo splitting.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Gaur A species of wild cattle, the first endangered species to be cloned. In 2001 at the Trans Ova Genetics in Sioux Center, Iowa, USA, a cloned Gaur was born from a surrogate domestic cow mother. However, the calf died within 48 hours.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Cattle Alpha Alpha, 2001 Brazil

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Cat Copycat In December 2001, scientists at Texas A&M University created the first cloned Cat, CC (Copycat). Even though CC is an exact copy of his host, they have different personalities; i.e. CC is shy and timid, his host on the other hand is playful and curious.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Rat Ralph Rat: Ralph, the first cloned rat (2003

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Mule Idaho Gem The mule Idaho Gem (born May 4, 2003) was the first equine and first cloned mule.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Horse Prometea An Italian team produced Prometea in 2003. They hoped to produce more Italian stallions, but their attempts failed. Prometea birthed her own in 2008. Racehorses could come in the future.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Dog Snuppy South Korean scientists accomplished the notoriously challenging task of cloning a dog in 2005. Snuppys predecessors could be used to study human diseases.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Cattle Beta Beta, 2005 Brazil

Cloning Powerpoint

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Pyrenean Ibex Pyrenean Ibex(2009) was the first "extinct" animal (while the species is not extinct, nor even endangered, no living examples of the Pyrenean subspecies had been known since 2000) to be cloned back to life; the clone lived for seven minutes before dying of lung defects.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals: Camel Injaz Injaz is a female dromedary camel, credited with being the world's first cloned camel.

Cloning Powerpoint The List of all the cloned animals:

The Cost of Progress Through Cloning

Ethical or Immoral?

Main Idea
As cloning research continues to prove itself quite progressive in curing disease, ethical and moral issues come into play keeping it from the forefront in medical research.

Solving World Hunger

Reproducing and keeping the most productive food generating and anti-insect plants alive would be an excellent way to push these admirable traits down the gene pool. Cloning would allow this to happen by making recombinant DNA from the insect-free plants and mixing them with pollen to allow for the rest of the plant sex cycle to work naturally. This would make food less costly to produce for the farmers who have to spend their money on pesticides all the while making their trade more efficient. With cheaper and more plentiful supplies of crops, surplus could be sent to where it is needed.
Smith, Simon. "All The Reasons To Clone Human Beings." Human Cloning Foundation Home Page. Web. 19 Mar. 2010.

Genetic Diversity?
Cloning for the best traits in a plant or animal would limit genetic diversity which has proven itself through science a necessity to the sustainability of species. Say a very specialized grain of rice were to be perfected through cloning for the best nutrition and fastest growth rates were to be subject to one random strain of disease that devastates it. This would likely remove the plant from our planet as there would be no rice capable of outlasting the disease since all of Earths rice would be the exact same.
Jones, Walter. "What is Cloning?." Learn.Genetics 21 March 2010. <http://learn.genetics.utah .edu/content/tech/cloning/whatiscloning/>

 On December 28,2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the consumption of meat and other products from cloned animals. Furthermore, companies would not be allowed to provide labels informing the consumer that the meat comes from a cloned animal.

 Critics have raised objections to the FDAs approval of cloned-animal products for human consumption, arguing the FDAs research was inadequate, inappropriately, limited and of questionable scientific validity. Several consumer advocate groups are working to encourage a tracking program that would allow consumers to become more aware of cloned-animal products within their food.

 Joseph Mendelson, legal director of the Center for Food Safety, said that cloned food still shood be labeled since safety and ethical issues about it remain questionable. Carol Tucker Foreman, director of food policy at the Consumer Federation of America, stated that FDA does not consider the fact the results of some studies revealed that cloned animals have increased rates of morality and deformity at birth.

Regeneration of Faulty Tissue

When a certain human body part doesnt function properly the body turns to stem cells to replace or fix it. Stem cells can do a wide range of things in human making them quite valuable. The problem is that not enough of them are typically present to fix say a part of the brain. What cloning would do is make more of these stem cells to allow the body to fix its own problems.

Possible Abnormalities due to Cloning.

Researchers have found several abnormalities in cloned organism, particularly in mice. The cloned organism may be born normal and resemble in noncloned counterpart, but majority of the time will express changes in its genome later on in life. The concerns with cloning humans is that the changes in genomes may not only result in changes in appearance, but in psychological and personality changes as well.

 DNA arrays were used to prove this claim in the research lab of Professor Rudolf Jaenisch. He studied placentas from cloned mice and found that one in every 25 genes was expressed abnormally. Results of these were premature death, pneumonia, liver failure and obesity.

An Immoral Practice
Though we typically see evolution and creation against each other, cloning would undermine the main arguments of both. As for Darwinism and Evolution, cloning would take away the idea of survival of the fittest as human intervention would take its place. As for the preaching of Christianity, regenerating humans through science goes against the notion that God created every human.

Main Idea
As our evidence proves, cloning can be as successful as it wants, but there are simply too many people against it to keep its potentially live saving help from reaching the patients