Human Genetics and Cloning Project Class 12

AISSCE 2022
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY
GRATITUDE TO MY BIOLOGY
TEACHERS AS WELL AS OUR
PRINCIPAL WHO GAVE ME THE
GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO DO
THIS WONDERFUL PROJECT,WHICH
HELPED ME IN DOING A LOT OF
RESEARCH AND I CAME TO KNOW
ABOUT SO MANY NEW THINGS. I
AM REALLY THANKFUL TO THEM.
SECONDLY, I WOULD LIKE TO

THANK MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS
WHO HELPED ME A LOT IN
FINALIZING THIS PROJECT WITHIN
THE LIMITED TIME FRAME.
SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

CERITIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
TARAN OJHA , IS A STUDENT OF
OUTGOING BATCH OF CLASS XII
FOR SESSION 2021-2022 FROM
ADITYA ACADEMY SENIOR
SECONDARY.
I, THEREBY CERTIFY THAT HIS

BIOLOGY PROJECT ON
TO STUDY THE REPRODUCTIVE
CLONING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
PROJECTS
HAS BEEN DONE UNDER MY
SUPERVISION AND IS ABSOLUTELY
GENUINE.
TEACHERS SIGNATURE
INDEX
SL.NO TOPICS PAGE
NO
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 HISTORY OF 3
CLONING
3 TYPES OF CLONING 5
4 ADVANTAGES 8
5 DISADVANTAGES 9
6 CASE STUDY 1
7 CASE STUDY 2
8 CONCLUSION
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
TO CLONING
INTRODUCTION
• Cloning is the process of
producing individuals with
identical or virtually identical DNA,
either naturally or artificially. In
nature, many organisms produce
clones through asexual
reproduction.
• Cloning in biotechnology refers to
the process of creating clones of
organisms or copies of cells or
DNA fragments (molecular
cloning).
• Human identical twins are clones
of each other
INTRODUCTION
• Animal cloning has been the
subject of scientific experiments
for years, but garnered little
attention until the birth of the first
clones mammal in 1996, a sheep
named Dolly.
• Since Dolly, several scientists

have clone other animals,
including cows and mice.
• No human cloning attempts have

been many disadvantages that
involve the cloning of both
humans and animals.
HISTORY OF
CLONING
HISTORY OF
CLONING
TYPES OF
CLONING
TYPES OF
CLONING
1. Natural/Reproductive
Cloning
This type of cloning is used to

generate an animal with the same
nuclear DNA as another existing
animal. You may be familiar with the
story of Dolly the sheep; she was
cloned using reproductive cloning.
Through Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer (SCNT), a donor’s nucleus
genetic material is transferred to an
egg whose nucleus has been
removed. The reconstructed egg is
then treated with chemicals to
initiate cell division. When the
embryo reaches a specific stage, it is
then transferred to a surrogate
mother for further development until
birth.
TYPES OF
CLONING
2. Recombinant DNA
Technology (DNA cloning)
• This is also referred to as, gene cloning, or
molecular cloning. The technology uses
bacteria plasmids and other cloning vectors
to self-replicate the DNA of interest and
transfer it to a host cell. The DNA of
interest and the plasmid must be cut with
the same restriction enzyme. When the
chromosomal DNA is combined with the
plasmid or the cloning vector, it is known
as a recombinant molecule. This molecule
is then introduced in a host cell where it
will be reproduced along with the host’s
DNA.
TYPES OF
CLONING
3. Therapeutic cloning
This the development of human
embryos for use in research. These
embryos do not develop to fully
grown individuals, rather, they are
destroyed after five days when they
are at the blastocyst stage. At this
stage stem cells are harvested and
used to develop various organs for
medical research.
ADVANTAGES
OF CLONING
• Advantages of Cloning:
• 1. Cloning of stem cells will provide
treatment for variety of diseases.
• 2. It gives an opportunity to the parents
to choose the characters and traits they
want in their children and also
eliminate the unwanted ones.
• 3. It provides a better understanding of
the hereditary/genetic diseases.
• 4. The endangered species of various
animals can be preserved and no risk of
any extinction.
• 5. Provide organs for transplantation
and also eliminates certain risks thus
associated with the procedure of
transplantation, so better life
expectancy.
DISADVANTAGE
OF CLONING
• Disadvantages of
Cloning:
• 1. Losing the diversity of genes.
• 2. It might be unethical and cause
imbalance in the society.
• 3. Human cloning might pose the
danger of human race extinction.
LENNON’S TOOTH
CASE STUDY 1
CASE STUDY 1
• A Canadian dentist paid-
approximately $31,000 in 2011 for
a tooth extracted from the late
John Lennon.
• Dr. Michael Zuk recently
announced that he has sent the
tooth to a U.S. laboratory in hopes
of having DNA extracted and
sequenced.
• His ultimate goal is to have John
Lennon cloned. Dr.Zuk has
outlined his plans on a website. It
is unclear whether any DNA that is
of sufficient quality for sequencing
remains in the tooth. The tooth
was rotten when it was removed
in the 1960s. Lennon gave the
tooth to his housekeeper at the
time, and her son eventually put it
up for auction.
DOLLY THE SHEEP
CASE STUDY 2
CASE STUDY 2
• Dolly the sheep, as the first mammal to be
cloned from an adult cell, is by far the
world's most famous clone .ln 1996, cloning
was revolutionized when lan Wilmut and his
colleagues at the Roslin- Institute in
Edinburgh, Scotland.
• To produce Dolly, scientists used an
mammary gland cell from asix-year-old Finn
Dorset white sheep. They had to find a way
to reprogram the mammary cells to keep
them alive but stop them growing which
they achieved by altering the growth
medium (the soup' in which the cells were
kept alive).
• Then they injected the cell into an
unfertilised egg cell which had had its
nucleus removed, and made the cells fuse by
using electrical pulses.
• The unfertilised egg cell came from a
Scottish Blackface ewe. €When the research
team had managed to fuse the nucleus from
the adult white sheep cell with the egg cell
from the black-faced sheep, they needed to
make sure that the resulting cell would
develop into an embryo. They cultured it for
six or seven days to see if it divided and
developed normally, before implanting it into
a surrogate mother, another Scottish
Blackface ewe. Dolly had a white face.
CONCLUSION
• Human Cloning has a lot of
potential.
• It could be used to be reverse
heart attacks.
• It could cure infertility.
• It could protect women from down
syndrome.
• It could save children and adults
from down syndrome.
• It could even cure cancer, one of
the most dangerous and deadly
disease in the world.
• In the end we still have many
questions scientific, legal and
ethical that are still left
unanswered until there is
significant process in this field.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• NCERT class 12 biology book
• en.wikipedia.org
• www.google.co.in
• www.slideshare.com
• NCERT class 12 lab manual
• Reference articles from several
blogs.

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AISSCE 2022

SECONDLY, I WOULD LIKE TO

SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

I, THEREBY CERTIFY THAT HIS

• Since Dolly, several scientists

• No human cloning attempts have

This type of cloning is used to

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