Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
System
Presented by
Shani Patel ( Roll no. 28 )
Anugya Khatiwada ( Roll no. 05 )
2. Internal respiration
The gaseous exchange takes place in the tissue is called internal
respiration
The oxygen carried in the form of oxyhemoglobin gets dissociated to
release oxygen
This oxygen breaks down the glucose to release carbon dioxide , water
& energy while the carbon dioxide diffused from the tissue
3. Transport of carbon dioxide from tissue to
lungs
Carbon dioxide is transported by 3 mechanism
Some carbon dioxide dissolves in the water of plasma to form carbonic acid
Carbonic acid ionizes to form bicarbonate ions
The hydrogen ions are catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
Some CO2 combines with hemoglobin for the formation of
carbaminohemoglobin
then, finally carried to the lungs and released out of the body through
expiration
4. Intrapleural breathing
Intrapleural breathing refers to the mechanics of breathing involving the
pleural space
which is the thin fluid-filled space between the layers of the pleura
surrounding the lungs.
During inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract,
decreasing pressure in the pleural cavity and allowing air to flow into the
lungs.
During exhalation, these muscles relax, increasing pressure in the pleural
cavity, which helps push air out of the lungs.
This process is crucial for maintaining lung inflation and efficient gas
exchange
5. Respiratory gas transport
Respiratory gas transport involves the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the lungs and tissues.
Oxygen Transport: Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs, where it diffuses into the
bloodstream and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. It is then transported
to body tissues.
Carbon Dioxide Transport: Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism,
diffuses from tissues into the blood. It is transported back to the lungs in three
forms: dissolved in plasma, as bicarbonate ions (after reacting with water), and
bound to hemoglobin.
In the lungs, oxygen is released to the blood, and carbon dioxide is expelled
during exhalation. This process is essential for cellular respiration and
maintaining pH balance in the body.
Regulation of Breathing
Breathing is regulated by two mechanism
1. Neural mechanism
2. Chemical mechanism
Neural Mechanism
It involves respiratory center , located in the medulla oblongata
Overall, this intricate system ensures that oxygen is efficiently delivered to tissues
and carbon dioxide is expelled, maintaining homeostasis in the body.
Chemical Mechanism
The chemical mechanism of breathing primarily involves the regulation of gases
—oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)—in the blood. Here’s how it works:
1.Gas Exchange:
Breathing facilitates the exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between the alveoli in
the lungs and the blood. O₂ enters the bloodstream, while CO₂ is expelled
from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
2.Role of Hemoglobin:
Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to O₂, transporting it throughout the
body. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four O₂ molecules. The
binding is influenced by factors like pH, CO₂ concentration, and
temperature.
3. Chemoreceptors:
Central Chemoreceptors: Located in the medulla oblongata, they
primarily respond to changes in CO₂ levels. An increase in CO₂
(hypercapnia) leads to a decrease in pH (more acidic), stimulating the
respiratory centers to increase the rate and depth of breathing.
Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Located in the carotid bodies and aortic
arch, they respond to low O₂ levels (hypoxia) and changes in CO₂ and
pH. They also influence breathing rate when O₂ levels drop.
4. Carbon Dioxide Transport:
CO₂ is transported in three ways:
Dissolved in plasma (about 7-10%).
Bound to hemoglobin as carbamino compounds (about 20-23%).
As bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) formed when CO₂ reacts with water,
facilitated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. This
reaction is crucial for regulating blood pH.
5. Buffering System:
The bicarbonate buffer system helps maintain pH balance in the
blood. When CO₂ levels increase, it shifts the equilibrium toward
more H⁺ ions (lower pH), signaling the need for increased
ventilation to expel CO₂.
Symptoms;
• Chronic cough
• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness
• Frequent respiratory infections
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease ( COPD)
Bronchial Asthma;
• Bronchial asthma, commonly referred to simply as asthma, is a chronic
inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by episodes of airway
obstruction.
Symptoms;
• Wheezing
• Shortness of Breath
• Chest Tightness
• Coughing
Bronchial Asthma; Pathophysiology
Respiratory
Failure;
• Respiratory failure is a serious condition that occurs when the respiratory
system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange, resulting in insufficient
oxygen reaching the bloodstream or an inability to remove carbon dioxide
effectively.
Symptoms;
• Shortness of breath
• Rapid breathing
• Confusion or altered mental status
• Cyanosis (bluish color of the skin, especially lips and fingers)
Respiratory Failure; Pathophysiology