Meningiti S: Presented by Deepa Bisht

MENINGITI
PRESENTED BY
DEEPA BISHT
INTRODUCTION
Meningitis is an
inflammation of the
meninges, the lining
surrounding the brain and
the spinal cord. Meningitis
can be caused by several
species of bacteria,
viruses, fungi and
parasites.
DEFINITIO
N
 Meningitis is the inflammation of the protective
membranes covering the brain ang spinal
Cord known as the Meningitis.
 The inflammation is usually caused by an infection of

the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
 Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the

inflammation’s proximity to the brain and spinal cord;
therefore the condition is classified as a medical
emergency.
TYPES OF
MENINGITIS
1.BACTERIAL
MENINGITIS
Bacteria that enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain
and spinal cord cause bacterial meningitis
Several strains of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis,

most commonly:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
2.VIRAL
MENINGITIES
Viral meningitis is usually mild and often
clears on its own. Viruses such as herpes
simplex virus, HIV , mumps virus and others
also can cause viral meningitis
3.FUNGAL
MENINGITES
only people with weakened immune
systems develop fungal meningitis from
fungal infections. Certain health conditions
(like HIV infection and cancer),
medications, ( steroids ) and surgical
procedures may weaken the immune
4.PARASITIC MENINGITIS
parasites can cause meningitis or affect

the brain or nervous system in other ways.
The most common cause of parasitic
meningitis is a parasite called an amoeba .
5.NON-INFECTIOUS MENINGITIS
Drugs that can cause non infectious

meningitis include (NSAIDs) Noninfectious
meningitis due to NSAIDs may occur in
people who have autoimmune disorders
such as rheumatoid arthritis.
ETIOLOGY
Bacteria - streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae
Virus - HIV , mumps virus
Fungi - Cryptococcus neoformans
NSAIDs - ibuprofen , naproxen
Parasite - amoeba
RISK
•FACTORS
SKIPPING VACCINATIONS
• AGE
• WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEM
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Bacterial invasion of choroid plexus

( By direct or across the blood brain barrier)
Organisms colonizes in cerebrospinal fluid
Inflammation of the meninges
Inflammation of arteries that supply to meninges and

subarachnoid
Hydrocephalus, rupture or thrombosis of old vessels
Increased intracranial pressure, cerebral

edema
Appearance of various clinical manifestations

CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS
 SUDDEN HIGH FEVER
 DIPLOPIA
 ALTERED MENTAL STATUS
 CONFUSION OR ALTERED
 CAUNSCIOUSNESS
 PHOTOPHOBIA
 PHONOPHOBIA
 NUCHAL RIGIDITY
 POSITIVE BRUDZINSKI 'S
SIGN
 POSITIVE KERNING'S SIGN
DIAGNOSTIC
EVALUATION
 THROUGH HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
 NUROLOGICAL ASSESMENT ( REFLEXES , CHANGE IN CONCIOUS

LEVEL ) - TO LOOK FOR SYMPTOMS OF MENINGITIS
 BLOOD CULTURES
 LUMBER PUNCTURE
 CHEST X-RAY
 CT SCAN OF HEAD
 CSF EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT
Medications and other therapies that used to treat meningitis include
:
o ANTIBIOTICS- bacterial meningitis can be treated with a number of

effective antibiotics. If bacterial meningitis is suspected initial
treatment with ceftriazone and vancomycin is recommended
o ANTIFUNGAL- fungal meningitis is treated with long course of high

dose anti fungal medication ( amphotericin B , fluconazole )
o ANALGESIC- ibuprofen , naproxen
o ANTIVIRAL - antiviral (Cytovene) for certain cases of viral meningitis

like herpes virus and influenza
NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Assess general condition of the patient .

• Monitor patient 's vital signs and neurological
state.
• Antibiotics should be started immediately.
• Corticosteroid may be used for critically ill
patients.
• Administer IV fluids and medication as ordered
by physician.
• Record intake output chart.
• Maintain dim lightning in the patient 's room to
reduce photophobic discomfort.
COMPLICATIONS
Meningitis complications can be severe. The
longer the disease without treatment, the
greater the risk of seizures and permanent
neurological damage, including:
 HEARING LOSS.
 MEMORY PROBLEMS.
 LEARNING DISABILITIES.
 BRAIN DAMAGE.
 TROUBLE WALKING.
 SEIZURES.
 KIDNEY FAILURE.
 SHOCK.
 DEATH.
PREVENTION
You can reduce your risk of meningitis with a few simple

habits to protect yourself and others from infectious
diseases
Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze.
Avoid contact with others when either of you are sick

with a contagious disease
Don't eat undercooked or uncooked meat
and seafood. Reduce your risk of fungal
infections by wearing a mask in dusty
areas like constructions sites and staying
inside during dust storms.
Vaccination- Haemophilus influenzae type

b Vaccine ( Hib ) offer protection against
a type of bacteria called meningococcal
group c bacteria which can cause
meningitis
NURSING
DIAGNOSIS
1. ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion related to increased
intracranial pressure as evidence by altered level of
Consciousness.
2. Hyperthermia related to infection and inflamation as evidence by

elevated body temperature.
3. Acute pain related to increased Intracranial Pressure as evidence

by facial expression.
4. Impaired physical mobility related to neurological impairment as

evidence by limited range of motion.
5. Disturbed sensory perception related to neurological deficits as

HEALTH
EDUCATION
• Give knowledge to the patient about disease
condition and their treatment.
• Advice the patient to maintain the personal

hygiene.
• Advice the patient to drink pure and boiled water.
• Teach the patient about the preventive measure

for meningitis.
• Encourage the patient to avoid stress and

THANK
YOU

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MENINGITI

 The inflammation is usually caused by an infection of

 Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the

Several strains of bacteria can cause bacterial meningitis,

parasites can cause meningitis or affect

Drugs that can cause non infectious

Virus - HIV , mumps virus

Fungi - Cryptococcus neoformans

NSAIDs - ibuprofen , naproxen

Bacterial invasion of choroid plexus

Organisms colonizes in cerebrospinal fluid

Inflammation of the meninges

Inflammation of arteries that supply to meninges and

Increased intracranial pressure, cerebral

Appearance of various clinical manifestations

 NUROLOGICAL ASSESMENT ( REFLEXES , CHANGE IN CONCIOUS

o ANTIBIOTICS- bacterial meningitis can be treated with a number of

o ANTIFUNGAL- fungal meningitis is treated with long course of high

o ANALGESIC- ibuprofen , naproxen

o ANTIVIRAL - antiviral (Cytovene) for certain cases of viral meningitis

• Assess general condition of the patient .

You can reduce your risk of meningitis with a few simple

Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.

Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze.

Avoid contact with others when either of you are sick

Vaccination- Haemophilus influenzae type

2. Hyperthermia related to infection and inflamation as evidence by

3. Acute pain related to increased Intracranial Pressure as evidence

4. Impaired physical mobility related to neurological impairment as

5. Disturbed sensory perception related to neurological deficits as

• Advice the patient to maintain the personal

• Advice the patient to drink pure and boiled water.

• Teach the patient about the preventive measure

• Encourage the patient to avoid stress and

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