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    Discourse Analysis For Students

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    Discourse Analysis For Students

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    codewithibf
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    Discourse Analysis for Students

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    Discourse Analysis For Students

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    of 15

    DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

    WHAT IS DISCOURSE
    ANALYSIS?
    Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is an approach to
    the analysis of written, spoken, or sign language.
    It is a research method for studying written or spoken language
    in relation to its social context. It aims to understand how
    language is used in real life situations. (Luo, 2019)
    The term “Discourse Analysis” was first introduced by Zelling
    Haris (1952) as a way of analyzing connected speech and writing.
    Haris had 2 main interests:
    1. Examination of language beyond the level of Sentence
    2. Relationship b/w linguistic and non-linguistic behavior.
    Discourse analysts are interested in how language can
    impart meaning. This could be vocabulary, use of grammar,
    gestures, facial expressions, imagery, language techniques,
    and many more.
    They analyze whole chunks (rather than individual utterances)
    of both planned and spontaneous written, spoken, and visual
    language.
    An essential part of discourse analysis is examining language
    use within its social context.
    Example: societal norms, political climate, time, place,
    intended audience, the speaker's socio-cultural background

    These all should be considered as they can play a role in the


    meaning of language and how it's interpreted.
    WHY CONDUCT DISCOURSE
    ANALYSIS?
    We analyze discourse to understand the world better and how
    language is used in real life.
    By examining the social use of language, we can appreciate
    its multiple functions, such as creating meaning and
    maintaining certain social norms and common knowledge.
    Example: A discourse analyst may examine the written
    language and images used on the front page of a newspaper
    to see what narrative it might be trying to portray and why.
    To understand this, they would have to consider the owner of
    the newspaper, the intended audience, and the current
    political climate and world events.
    WHEN TO USE DISCOURSE
    ANALYSIS?
    Discourse analysis is the perfect method for looking
    at the relationship between language and broader
    social issues, such as language and power,
    language and gender, language and
    inequality, and language in the media.
    We can also use discourse analysis to see how
    people interact with each other in different
    situations and the impact language can have on
    society and vice versa.
    COMMON EXAMPLES OF DISCOURSE
    WE CAN CONDUCT DISCOURSE
    ANALYSIS ON ARE
    Speeches
    Newspapers
    Novels
    Conversations
    Song lyrics
    Adverts
    … (etc.)
    WHAT'S ANALYZED IN DA?
    There are no guidelines on what aspects of language you should
    analyze when conducting DA. How you undertake your analysis will
    depend on your research question and the purpose of your study.
    However, here is a list of language features that are commonly
    analyzed as they can impart meaning.
    Vocabulary - e.g. word choice, jargon, special lexicon.
    Grammar - e.g. type of sentences, grammatical voice, use of
    affixes.
    Punctuation - e.g. use of exclamation marks, capital letters etc.
    Genre - Is it a newspaper, song, novel, etc.
    Non-verbals - e.g. facial expressions, body language, pauses.
    Paralinguistic features - e.g. tone, pitch, intonation.
    Pragmatics - what are the extended or hidden meanings?
    Grice's conversational maxims - are useful for reviewing power
    relations in spoken discourse.
    Images and colour - how do they add to the meaning of the
    discourse?

    Relationship between the discourse and the wider social


    context
    SHORT HISTORY:
    The field of discourse analysis, which is sometimes known as discourse
    studies,
    emerged as an academic discipline in the 1970s.
    (DA) is a broad term for the study of the ways in which “Language” is
    used between people, both in written texts and spoken contexts.
    Many writers have contributed to the field of discourse analysis.
    Two of the most prominent are:
    •Norman Fairclough
    •Michel Foucault
     Norman Fairclough is known as the father of CDA.
    CONTINUE…
    Norman Fairclough:
    Norman Fairclough (1941-present) is a British professor of linguistics and
    the English language. Fairclough’s work has been highly influential in the
    field of language and power, and he is widely regarded as the
    pioneer of critical discourse analysis (CDA). CDA is a method used
    to analyse the role discourse plays in the construction of knowledge,
    ideology, and power.
    Fairclough believes that language is a form of social practice. This means
    language is more than just vocabulary and grammar; it's a vital part of
    people’s lives and is habitually performed by most members of society.
    Because of this belief, Fairclough’s work has been influenced
    by linguistic theory (including the works of Michael Halliday)
    and social theory (including the works of Michel Foucault).
    MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS:
    AUSTIN: According to Austin (1962) speech act theory focuses on
    communicative acts, which are performed through speech.
    •The speech act theory is applicable to discourse analysis.
    •It provides a framework in which to identify the conditions underlying the
    productions and understanding of an utterance as a particular linguistically
    realized action.
    HYMES: Hymes (1974) has proposed a methodology used to discover
    communicative events and acts to classify the components. Then discover the
    patterns formed by interrelationships among components. The classificatory
    grid he proposed is known as the SPEAKING grid which can be used to discover
    a local or culturally relative taxonomy of communicative units.
    Hymes's SPEAKING {S: (Setting, Scene), P: (Participants), E: (Ends) A:
    (Act Sequence), K: (Key), I: (Instrumentalities), N: (Norms), G: (Genre)
    According to Hymes, a speech situation can only be understood if not only
    linguistic, but also other aspects are taken into consideration, such as: the
    setting of the communication, its goals, and the information about the
    participants. In order to reflect all these factors and help speech act analysts to
    make more in-depth analysis.
    S=SETTING/SCENE – Where the speech situation is taking place (e.g. a University
    lecture hall) – this is the setting; the overall mood and context (is the conversation
    serious or funny; what is the cultural ambiance) – this is the scene [aka
    psychological setting].
    P=PARTICIPANTS – The information about the participants (e.g. their cultural and
    sociolinguistic background).
    E=ENDS (goals) – What are the goals and the actual outcomes of the speech act
    (e.g. John wanted to confess his love to Helen, but instead of saying “I love you”,
    he awkwardly murmured “It is good to see you”. As a result, his confession was
    put off).
    A=ACT SEQUENCE – What happens first, second, etc.; also how exactly
    the events unfold (e.g. a FAQ section of a website: short questions first,
    brief answers follow; a TV host interviewing a university student-hero and
    the applause of the audience).
    K=KEY – Whether the situation is formal or not; whether the participants
    are happy or sad (e.g. an informal birthday party or a family reunion).
    I=INSTRUMENTALITIES – The linguistic and non-linguistic tools used to
    make the speech act possible (e.g. a phone, etc)
    N=NORMS – The conventions used by the speakers to arrive at their set
    communicative goals (e.g. in France, university students use “vous”
    (you-respectful) when they address their professor).
    G=GENRE – The kind of the speech act.
    Fasold: According to Fasold (1993) pragmatics is a study of
    the use of context to make inferences about meaning.
    It is another broad approach to discourse.
    Nowadays pragmatics has a broader discussion, for example
    ethnography of communication, some psycholinguistics
    aspects, moreover discourse analysis included also.
    Based on the concept of Grice, speaker meaning is what
    the speaker intending to communicate needs not be related
    to conventional meaning.
    It means that speaker meaning may be inferred through a
    process quite different from the encoding and decoding and
    processes assumed by code mode of communication at all.
    Michel Focault:
    Michael Focault defined discourse as ways of constituting
    knowledge, together with the social practices, forms
    of subjectivity and power relations which inhere in such
    knowledge and relations between them. Discourses are more
    than ways of thinking and producing meaning.
    They constitute the 'nature' of the body, unconscious and
    conscious mind and emotional life of the subjects they seek
    to govern
    ... A form of power that circulates in the social field and can
    attach to strategies of domination as well as those of
    resistance

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