Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 7 views

    DBMS Slide1

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Aziz

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    DBMS Slide1

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Aziz
    7 views21 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    7 views21 pages

    DBMS Slide1

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Aziz

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    DBMS

    Databases Management System


    What is Database ?

    A database is an organized collection of dat


    that is stored and accessed electronically.
    It allows users to store, retrieve, manage
    and manipulate data efficiently

    Data / Information
    Types of Databases:

    Relational Databases (RDBMS): Store data in tables and use


    SQL for data manipulation (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL).
    NoSQL Databases: Non-relational databases that store data in
    various formats (key-value, document, column-family,
    graph) and are used for handling large-scale data and high-
    velocity applications (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis).

    In-Memory Databases: Store data in the system's main


    memory (RAM) for faster access (e.g., Redis).

    Distributed Databases: Spread across multiple locations or


    nodes and used for scaling and high availability (e.g.,
    Cassandra, Amazon DynamoDB).
    SQL
    Structures Query Language
    developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and
    Raymond F. Boyce for their database software
    “System R” in 1970
    Oracle made it popular.
    By 1986, ANSI and ISO officially adopted the SQL and
    standard Language for RDBMS.

    IMS Larry Ellison


    ANSI = American National Standards Institute

    ISO = International Organization for Standardization


    SQL
    WHAT IS QUERY LANGUAGE ?

    A Query Language is a type of programming language designed


    specifically for querying and retrieving data from a database or
    information system. It allows users to request specific data by
    specifying criteria or conditions, and the system returns the data
    that matches those criteria.
    KEY FEATURES OF QUERY
    LANGUAGES :
    Data Retrieval:
    The primary function of a query language is to fetch data from
    databases. Users can retrieve data by specifying what they
    need, such as all records where a certain condition is met.
    Data Manipulation:
    Query languages often include commands for modifying data,
    such as inserting new records, updating existing records, or
    deleting records.
    Data Definition:
    Some query languages also allow users to define or modify the
    structure of the database, such as creating or altering tables
    and their relationships.
    Data Control:
    Query languages may include commands for managing access
    to data, including granting or revoking permissions for users or
    roles.
    HOW SQL WORKS

    SQL (Structured Query Language) is a powerful tool used


    to interact with relational databases. It allows users to
    perform a variety of tasks, including data retrieval,
    insertion, updating, deletion, and managing the
    structure of databases.
    1. SQL STATEMENT WRITING
    The first step is to write an SQL statement. SQL statements are
    written in a specific syntax and can be classified into different types
    based on their purpose:
    Data Query Language (DQL): For data retrieval (e.g., SELECT).
    Data Definition Language (DDL): For defining and modifying
    database structures (e.g., CREATE, ALTER, DROP).
    Data Manipulation Language (DML): For modifying data (e.g.,
    INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).
    Data Control Language (DCL): For controlling access to data
    (e.g., GRANT, REVOKE).
    2. PARSING THE SQL STATEMENT
    When an SQL statement is submitted to the database management
    system (DBMS), the first step is parsing. During parsing:
    • The SQL statement is checked for syntax errors.
    • The DBMS analyzes the structure of the statement to understand
    what the user is asking for.
    If there are errors, such as a misspelled keyword or incorrect syntax,
    an error message is returned.
    3. OPTIMIZATION
    Once the SQL statement is parsed and validated, the DBMS's query
    optimizer takes over. The optimizer's job is to determine the most
    efficient way to execute the query. This might involve:

    Choosing the best indexes: If the table has indexes on certain


    columns, the optimizer may decide to use them to speed up data
    retrieval.
    Deciding the join order: If multiple tables are involved, the
    optimizer determines the best order to join them.
    Selecting the access paths: The optimizer decides how to access
    the required data, whether by scanning the table, using indexes, or
    using other methods.
    The optimization process is crucial for ensuring that queries run as
    quickly and efficiently as possible.
    4. QUERY EXECUTION
    After optimization, the DBMS executes the query. During this phase:

    • The DBMS retrieves or modifies the data as specified in the SQL


    statement.
    • For a SELECT statement, the data is fetched from the tables,
    possibly filtered or sorted according to the query conditions.
    • For INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements, the DBMS
    modifies the data in the database.
    The execution involves various operations like scanning tables,
    applying filters (e.g., WHERE clauses), joining tables, aggregating
    data (e.g., using GROUP BY), and more.
    5. RESULT RETURN
    Once the query is executed:
    • For a SELECT query, the result set (the data that matches the
    query criteria) is returned to the user. This could be in the form of
    rows of data displayed in a table format.
    • For INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE queries, the DBMS returns a
    success message, often indicating how many rows were affected.
    6. ERROR HANDLING
    If the query encounters any issues during execution, such as trying
    to access a non-existent table, violating constraints (e.g., primary
    key constraints), or data type mismatches, the DBMS will return an
    error message.
    7. TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT
    SQL supports transactions, which are sequences of operations that
    are treated as a single unit of work. Transactions follow the ACID
    properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability):
    Atomicity: Ensures that all operations within a transaction are
    completed successfully. If any operation fails, the transaction is
    rolled back.
    Consistency: Ensures that the database remains in a consistent
    state before and after the transaction.
    Isolation: Ensures that the operations within a transaction are
    isolated from other transactions until they are completed.
    Durability: Ensures that once a transaction is committed, the
    changes are permanent, even in the case of a system failure.

    You might also like