Endogenic and Exogenic Processes

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
DEFINITION
en·do·gen·ic
ˌendōˈjenik/
Adjective GEOLOGY
 Formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the
earth.
WHAT IS ENDOGENIC
PROCESSES?
 Endogenic Processes are geological processes
that occur beneath the surface of the Earth.
 It is associated with energy originating in the
interior of the solid earth.
 The ground we live on is moving all the time.
The Forces within the earth that cause the
ground to move are called ENDOGENIC
FORCES.
HOW DOES ENDOGENIC PROCESS
WORKS?
 When the ground moves, Rock layers at the
surface of the earth are broken, twisted and
shaken.
 Land is destroyed in many places and created in
other places.
 When the land is shaped by Endogenic Forces
we call this ENDOGENIC PROCESSES.
THE MAIN ENDOGENIC PROCESS
 The Main Endogenic Processes are FOLDING

& FAULTING or Tectonic Movements.
 They take place mainly along the plate boundaries,
which are the zones that are not stable.
 Endogenic processes cause many major landform
features.
FOLDING
 When two forces push towards each other from opposite

sides, the rock layers will bend into folds.
 The process by which folds are formed are due to
compressional forces known as folding.
 There are large-scale and small-scale folds. Large- scale
folds are found mainly along destructive plate boundaries.
ILLUSTRATION:
FOLDING
FOLDING
FAULTING
 Faulting is the fracturing and displacement of more brittle
rock strata along a fault plane either caused by tension or
compression.
 A break in rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock
movement has occurred is called a fault.
 The process of forming a fault is faulting.
 The line of fault which appears on land surface is known
as fault line.
 These lines are often lines of weakness which allow
molten rock to rise up onto the earth surface when there
is active volcanic activity nearby.
TYPES OF FAULTING
 There are three types of fault which are caused

by different endogenic forces:
 Normal fault (Divergence)
 Reverse fault (Convergence)
 Tear fault (Transform)
 Faulting forms two major landforms - block
mountains and rift valleys.
ILLUSTRATION OF FAULTING
REVERSE FAULT
NORMAL FAULT
OTHER ENDOGENIC PROCESS
(SUBSEQUENT)
These are Endogenic Processes that are subsequent to

the main ones.
 Volcanism (Volcanic Activity)
 Metamorphism
 Earthquake (Seismic Activity)
VOLCANISM
 VOLCANISM or magmatism (also known as volcanic activity or

igneous activity)
 Magma beneath the crust is under very great pressure. When
folding and faulting occur, cracks or fractures which are lines of
weakness are created.
 When these lines of weakness develop downward in the crust
and reach the magma, they will release the pressure in the
magma.
 This allows magma to rise up along the lines of weakness and
intrude into the crust. Some magma may even reach the
earth's surface and some don’t.
ILLUSTRATION OF VOLCANISM
 There are two

types of Volcanism:
Intrusive
volcanism and
Extrusive
volcanism.
RESULT OF VOLCANISM
METAMORPHISM
 Metamorphism is an endogenic process which

occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to
geologic structures which leads to the formation of
Metamorphic Rocks.
ILLUSTRATION OF
METAMORPHISM
RESULT OF METAMORPHISM
GRADING
METAMOPRH
IC ROCK
EARTHQUAKES
 An Earthquake or (Seismic Activity) is a sudden shaking or

vibration in the earth’s crust.
 When plates suddenly move past each other, the built-up
strain is released along the fault, and the rock fractures.
 An earthquake also can be triggered by molten rock moving
up into the chamber of a volcano before eruption.
ILLUSTRATION OF EARTHQUAKE
IMPORTANT DETAILS
 Endogenic Processes are Processes that is formed or occurring

beneath the surface of the Earth.
 The Main Endogenic Processes are Folding and Faulting (or
tectonic movements).
 The Subsequent Endogenic Processes are Volcanism,
Metamorphism, and Earthquakes.
 Endogenic processes cause many major landform features.
 Endogenic processes have been responsible for shaping the earth’s
geologic structures and the formation of many of the most important
mineral resources.
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
EXOGENIC PROCESSES OR DENUDATION
Refers to activities or phenomena

that occur on the Earth’s surface.
It is considered as destructive
and are responsible for
degradation and sculpting the
Earth’s surface.
TYPES OF EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
WEATHERING
EROSION
MASS WASTING
SEDIMENTATION
WEATHERING
The process that breaks down rock into smaller pieces.
 The physical weathering happens when rock is
physically broken into smaller pieces.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHYSICAL
WEATHERING
1.ICE WEDGING ~> H2O seeps in rock, expands, crack rocks into smaller
pieces.
2.RELEASE OF PRESSURE ~> Surface rock erodes, rock flakes like onion
layers.
3.GROWTH OF PLANTS ~> Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart.
4.ANIMALS ~> Burrow and push apart rock.
The chemical weathering is the process of
breaking down rock through chemical changes.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
1. WATER ~> Water dissolves rock chemically.

2. OXYGEN ~> Rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rusts.
3. CARBON DIOXIDE ~> CO2 dissolves in rainwater and weathers marble
and limestone.
4. LIVING ORGANISMS ~> Acids from plants and roots chemically weather
rock.
5. ACID RAIN ~> Air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rock as acid rain.
EROSION BY EROSION BY WIND
WATER
Erosion by water changes the Erosion by wind carries dust,
shape of coastlines. Waves sand, and volcanic ash from one
constantly crash against shores. place to another. Wind can
They pound rocks into pebbles and sometimes blow sand into
reduce pebbles to sand. Water towering dunes.
sometimes takes sand away from
beaches. This moves the coastline
farther inland.
EROSION BY
EROSION BY ICE
GRAVITY
Gravity pulls any loose bits down
Erosion by ice can erode the land. In the side of a hill or mountain. Gravity
frigid areas and on some Erosion is better known as Mass
mountaintops, glaciers move slowly Movement.
downhill and across the land. As they
move, they pick up everything in
their path, from tiny grains of sand to
RESULT OF EROSION
WEATHERING
(EROSION BEGINS
VS. EROSION WITH A PROCESS
CALLED WEATHERING)
ADDITIONAL INFO (WEATHERING &
EROSION)
REGOLITH - When weathered rock remains in place and
remains in its pure state.
SEDIMENT - When weathered material is removed from the
site of weathering.
MOVING WATER - It is the main agent of erosion.
PEOPLE - Nowadays, people became one of the causes of
erosion.
WEATHERING AND EROSION - Weathered rock material will be
removed from its original site and transported away by a natural
agent.
SEDIMENTATION
It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the

bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid.
MASS WASTING
Mass wasting is the movement of rock, soil and

regolith downward due to the action of gravity.
FACTORS THAT TRIGGERED the MASS
WASTING
OVER-STEEPENED WATE EARTHQUAKE VEGETATIO
SLOPE R N
REMOVAL
Rapid movements are

commonly found in steep Rainwater adds It is a vibration and The lack of vegetation
slopes while slow weight and acts as a also a factor that cover to hold the loose
movements are found on lubricant to weathered triggers mass wasting. particles.
gentle slopes. material.
CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING
SLUMP SOLIFUCTION
A slump is a type of mass wasting that results in

the sliding of coherent rock materials along a The solifluction is the slow downhill
curved surface flow of soil.
EARTHFLOW MUDFLOW
Earthflow is a downslope viscous flow of

fine-grained materials that have been
saturated with water and moves under Mudflow occurs when mud travels down
the pull of gravity. a slope very quickly.
DEBRIS SLIDE DEBRIS FLOW
A debris slide is a type of slide

characterized by the chaotic movement of A debris flow is moving mass of loose mud, sand,
rocks, soil, and debris mixed with water soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope
and/or ice. under the influence of gravity
ROCK FLOW SOIL CREEP
A Rock flow occurs when pieces of rock break loose Soil creep is a slow, gradual movement of
from a steep rock face or cliff.. soil or regolith downhill over time

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ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

 The Main Endogenic Processes are FOLDING

 When two forces push towards each other from opposite

 There are three types of fault which are caused

These are Endogenic Processes that are subsequent to

 VOLCANISM or magmatism (also known as volcanic activity or

 There are two

 Metamorphism is an endogenic process which

 An Earthquake or (Seismic Activity) is a sudden shaking or

 Endogenic Processes are Processes that is formed or occurring

Refers to activities or phenomena

1. WATER ~> Water dissolves rock chemically.

It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the

Mass wasting is the movement of rock, soil and

Rapid movements are

A slump is a type of mass wasting that results in

Earthflow is a downslope viscous flow of

DEBRIS SLIDE DEBRIS FLOW

A debris slide is a type of slide

ROCK FLOW SOIL CREEP

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