Module I : Introduction to Counselling

AIBAS, AUMP
Counseling
Psychology
What is
Counseling?

Counseling is a face to face relationship between

counselor and client

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Definition
Counseling psychology can be defined as a
professional psychology field that pays attention to
the “emotional, social, vocational, educational,
health-related, developmental, and organizational
concerns.

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What Issues Does Counseling Address?
o Addiction and abuse of alcohol and other drugs
o Adjustment issues, including adjustment to college life
o Anger management
o Anxiety
o Depression
o Eating disorder
o Relationship difficulties, including roommates, significant others, and professors
o Stress management
o Thoughts of suicide or preoccupation with death
o Trauma
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 Group
counseling
Group counseling is a form of therapy where people with similar
experiences/issues come together with a professional therapist

It’s usually focused on a particular issue,

like:
• Addiction
• Eating
• disorder
Bereavement
• Depressio
n

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 Guidance
Guidance is a process through with an
individual is able to solve their
problems and pursue a path suited to
their abilities and aspirations.
• Focus on assisting counselees to
cope with their day-to-day
adjustment and developmental
concerns.

• Groups are designed with a goal of

providing students and employees
the accurate information.

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 Psychotherapy
Therapy, also called psychotherapy or counseling, is the
process of meeting with a therapist to resolve
problematic behaviors, beliefs, feelings, relationship
issues
Psychotherapy can be helpful in treating most mental
health problems, including:
• Anxiety Disorder
• Mood disorder
• Addiction
• Personality disorder
• Schizophrenia
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 Aim and Goal
There are the five most commonly named goals of
counseling

1 2 3
Improving
Enhancing coping skills Promoting decisions making relationship
• In goal of counseling • To learn personal sacrifice, • Client have Major
help individual to cope time ,energy, money problem relation to
with • Counselor provides information, other people
New situation clarifies and sorts out personal • Counselor help to
characteristics and emotions, improver relationship
New Demands and even attitudes affecting
quality
decision making
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 Aims and goal

4 5
Facilitating Client's Potential Facilitating Behavior Change

• Developing the • Bring about a change in

clients potential is a behavior
frequently • Rogers(1961) see
emphasized behavior change as a
necessary result of the
counseling goal. counseling process

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 Scope
• Educational institutions: At the turn of 20th
century, there were no counselors in US schools.

• However, after more than 100 years, more than

125,000 school counselors are now working in
USA.
• Rehabilitation centers, e.g., working with
disabled; the rehabilitation counselors are
specialized in dealing with developmental issues.
• Industry· Community or various agency settings·
• Rehabilitation centers
• Private practice
• Marriage and Family counseling center
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 Role of counseling
psychologist

• Counseling psychology concern with wellness, personal growth,

career, education and development.
• Counselor are concern with social justice and advocate.
• Counselor deals with client in a wide variety of setting e.g.
individual, in groups or in family setup.
• Counselor focus on their clients goals and they help clients to
accomplish their goals.
• Counseling psychologist help people with physical, emotional
and mental issues.

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 Career in Counseling
Psychology
Career counseling, also known as career guidance, is
counseling designed to help with choosing, changing,
or leaving a career and is available at any stage in life.

Counselor can serve in;

• Community care center
• Career center for special
population
• Government employment officer
• Rehabilitation centers

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 Career in Counseling Psychology

Counseling Specialist
• Mental health
counselor These professionals help patients with mental and
emotional problems, including anxiety, depression,
stress and low self-esteem

• School
counselor In a school setting they may offer therapy to students, depending
upon their training.
May also help parents and students develop life skills or plan for
college.

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 Career in Counseling Psychology

• Marriage and
family
counselor Marriage and family therapists are mental health professionals
that provide psychotherapy services and support to individual
clients as well as couples and families.

• Rehabilitation
counselor
work with disabled individuals to build skills, cope with
feelings of anxiety and depression, and find solutions to
problems

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 Private Practice

Private practice is a method of performing

mental health, medical, and other services.
Private practitioners have their own offices
and typically set their own schedules.

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 Function of counselor

• To provide a relationship between counselor and counselee.

• To provide an alternative in self-understanding.
• To provide leadership in developing a healthy psychological
environment for his client
• To provide for improvement of the counseling process through
constant individual criticism.

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 Brief history of counseling
 Frank Parson (1854-1908)

o Father of guidance
o He is best know for founding “ Boston's Vocational Bureau,
in 1908
o At the bureau ,he worked with young people
o He trained the teacher to serve as vocational counselor
o Hartung and Bluestein(2002) wrote that “ A practice of
vocational guidance on rationality and reason with service,
concern for others cooperation, and social justice among its
core values”
o Parson book “ choosing a vocation”
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 Brief history of counseling

 World War I

o In 1913 “ National Vocational Guidance

Association (NVGA) was formed.
o During 1st World War “counseling
become more widely recognized as he
military began to employ testing and
placement practices.
o In this process, the Army commissioned
the development of numerous
psychological instruments, among them
the Army Alpha and Army Beta
intelligence tests.

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 Brief history of counseling
 Carl Rogers  World War II

o Carl Rogers rose to prominence in 1942 o With the advent of World War II, the U.S.
with the publication of his book government needed counselors and psychologists to
Counseling and Psychotherapy help select and train specialists for the military and
o Rogers advocated giving clients industry
responsibility for their own growth. o The war also brought about a new way of looking at
o Rogers emphasized the importance of vocations for men and women.
the client, espousing a nondirective o After the war ,US government further promoted
approach to counseling counseling through the George Barden Act of 1946.
o Aubrey has noted that, before Rogers, o This act provided vocational education funds
the literature in guidance and counseling through the US office
was quite practical, dealing with testing, o the Veterans Administration (VA) funded the
cumulative records, orientation training of counselors and psychologists
procedures, vocations, and placement
o The VA also “rewrote specifications for vocational
functions.
20 counselors and coined the term ‘counseling
psychologist’ as a profession,
 Brief history of counseling

 AACD  ACA
o in 1984 American Personnel and o In 1992, AACD changed its name to American
Guidance Association (APGA) changed its Counseling Association (ACA) with 16
name to the American Association for subdivisions
Counseling and Development (AACD).
o . The changed name better reflected the work
o counseling psychology emphasized on
of the members.
growth and development
o Counseling as a primary mental health
o During the 1990s dramatic change in the
profession was include for the first time in
world of work significantly affected
health care the National Institutes of Mental
school counseling program their career
guidance services.
Health
o Among the significant change were the o With the advent of 21st century Counselors
shifts from a good and services economy became more aware of social and
to an information based economy. environmental factors important to the
development and maintenance of mental
disorders and health. There was a gradual
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trend that there are several factors which are
important to the development of human
beings, e.g., spiritual, socio-economic, family,
Major counseling Perspectives
Counseling approaches
Most counseling approaches, other
than eclecticism fall within four broad theoretical
categories as mentioned below:
o Psychoanalytic
o Affective
o Cognitive
o Behavioral
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 Psychoanalytic perspective
o Psychoanalytic therapy is a form of talking therapy based on the theories
of Sigmund Freud
o Freud is the founder of psychoanalysis.
o Freud was really interested in neurotic disorders (insomnia, fatigue,
depression and paralysis)
o According to Freud, the structure of personality consists of three parts:
Id
Ego
Superego

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 Affective Approach
Client-Center Therapy
(CCT)
o Client Centered Therapy, also known as Client-Centered Counseling or Person-Centered
Therapy
o Client-center therapy was developed by CARL ROGERS
o He emphasize the importance of the quality of the relationship between the client and the
therapist.
o “Client-Centered Therapy (1951)” and “On Becoming a person” classical books of Carl rogers
These general goals are:
o Facilitate personal growth and development
o Eliminate or mitigate feelings of distress
o increase self-esteem and openness to experience
o Enhance the client’s understanding of him- or herself

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 Client-Centered Therapy

Techniques of CCT

o The development of client-centered therapy shifted the focus from what the
therapist does, to who the counselor
o The "techniques" are simply ways of expressing and communicating an
attitude; self is used as an instrument.
o One emphasis is on the “here and now” of the individual existence and to help the
client focus on her present feelings by expressing them verbally

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Behavioral
Perspectives
• Behavioral refers to a wide range of ideas, practices, and theories.
• Behavioral approaches are designed to change unwanted or maladaptive behavior through
the application of basic learning principals
• Behavioral approaches maintain that both abnormal and normal behaviors are learned.
• Cognitive behavioral approaches maintain that behavior and perception play a reciprocal
role in the process of change

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 Behavioral
Perspective

 Classical conditioning (respondent)

 Operant conditioning (instrumental)
o Pavlov's classical conditioning is o Condition occurs when a response is
the best example of respondent emitted in order to obtain an outcome
learning, which occurs due to that reinforces the individual.
association between two stimuli.

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 Goals of Behavioral Approach

The goals of behavioral approaches are similar to other approaches - making people
more adjusted by eliminating maladaptive behavior. The following are main goals of
behavioral approaches:

o To modify or eliminate the maladaptive behaviors

o To help them acquire healthy, constructive ways of acting
o To replace unproductive actions with productive ways of responding

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Cognitive
perspectives
o Cognitions are thoughts, beliefs, and internal images
that people have about events in their lives. Cognitive
theories of counseling focus on these mental processes
and their influences on mental health.

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 Cognitive
perspectives

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

o Aaron Beck developed a cognitive approach to mental disorders
o Albert Ellis was developing his ideas about rational-emotive therapy (in the late
1950s and early 1960s)
o He emphasized the importance of cognitive thinking in his theory, especially
dysfunctional thoughts (thoughts that are nonproductive and unrealistic

Beck's Cognitive Triad Cognitive Errors and the Depressive Cognitive Triad
• Think negatively about oneself
• Think negatively about the world
• Think negatively about the future

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 Cognitive Approach
 Goals
o The promotion of self-awareness and emotional intelligence by teaching clients to “read” their
emotions and feelings
o Helping clients understand how distorted perceptions and thoughts contribute to painful
feelings.
o The development of self-control by teaching clients specific techniques to identify and
challenge distorted thinking

 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

o Counseling will focus on a client’s ability to accept behavior clarify problems and
difficulties and understand the reasoning behind the importance of setting goals.
o With the help of self-management training, assertive exercises and role-playing the
counselor can help a client work towards goals
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 Assessment

o Assessment is the part of our life however it may be

informal. When a teacher or a student enters into a
class for the first time, he may begin to causally
assess the students. You may have assessed
personalities of people at a social gathering or
family functions.

o Psychological assessments are written, visual, or

verbal evaluations administered to assess the
cognitive and emotional functioning of children and
adults
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 Assessment

Sugarman (1978) points out that the objections to the use of

assessment and appraisal techniques are based on five different
grounds:
• It is reductionist, reducing the complexity of the person into
diagnostic categories.
• It is artificial.
• It ignores the quality of the relationship between the examiner
and the test taker.
• It judges people, casting a label on them.
• It is overly intellectual, relying on complex concepts, often at
the expense of a true understanding of the individual.

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 Purpose
Psychological tests are used to assess a variety of
mental abilities and attributes, including achievement
and ability, personality, and neurological functioning.

 Hansen et al
(1982)
They suggest four basic functions of
assessments

o Predictions
o Diagnosis
o Monitoring
o Evaluation

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 Types of psychological tests

 IQ/achievement
tests
o IQ tests purpose to be measures of
intelligence
 Personality Test
o A number of self-report instruments have been
developed that are related to personal adjustment and
temperament. There are two types of personality
tests: objective and projective.

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 Types of psychological test

Aptitude (Intelligence)
Tests
o A test used as a predictor of some future performance is
called an aptitude test. Aptitude tests can be considered
a form of ability testing, measuring the potential ability
that
Achievement Tests
o In educational or employment settings, and they attempt to
measure either how much you know about a certain topic
(i.e., your achieved knowledge)

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Interventions
 Skills and procedure utilized in counseling psychology:
In counseling psychology
different procedure and techniques are used of them are given below:
• Individuals, family, and group counseling and psychotherapy.
• Assessment techniques for the diagnosis of psychological disorders
• Consultancy is providing to organizations.
• Counseling psychology serve to individual, groups, couples and organizations.
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 Interventions

Behavioral techniques
o Techniques in behavioral therapies apply the learning
Psychoanalytic principles to change maladaptive behaviors.
Method
o Psychoanalytic therapy looks at how the unconscious
mind influences thoughts and behaviors
o Freud described the unconscious as the reservoir of
desires, thoughts, and memories that are below the
surface of conscious awareness

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 Intervention
 Affective model of
counseling
o Gestalt and CCT are labeled as affective models.
Client –center theory place little stress on
techniques
 Cognitive Behavioral o It emphasizes the counselor’s person, belief, and
attitude and the counseling relationship itself.
Approach
o The major techniques of REBT are labeled as
directive teaching.
o Cognitive behavioral therapy can be thought of as a
combination of psychotherapy and behavioral
therapy.
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 Intervention

 Techniques in rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

o Rational emotive behavior therapy was one of the first cognitive behavior
therapies.
o It is also known as REBT.
o It is a form of cognitive behavior therapy that emphasizes reorganizing cognitive
and emotional functions, redefining problems, and changing attitudes in order to
develop more acceptable patterns of behavior.

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 REBT

 In REBT following emotional techniques are used;

o Rational emotive imagery

o Use of force and vigor
o Role playing
o Humor
o Shame attacking exercise

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Disadvantages of group
counseling
o There can be personality conflicts.
o It can make people uncomfortable.
o Not every person is a good candidate for
group therapy.
o There may be privacy violations that occur.
o This form of therapy enhances rejection

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Thanks for giving
your attention