IN THE

TRUTH DESCART
LIGHT OF
IN SOC. ES’ IDEA
MEDIA OF
CARTESIA
N
PROPOSAL CONTENT
Abstract
Background of the
study Statement of
the problem
Theoretical framework
Conceptual framework
Review of related
literature Conclusion
INTRODUCTIO
N Humans are rational being that
have the ability to reason out and
search for what is true. Truth plays
a big role in our daily lives.
Even from ancient times
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes.
Philosophy as the love of
wisdom, not only seeks knowledge
but to apply the knowledge to live
a meaningful life.
Epistemology as study of
INTRODUCTIO
N
In 21st century digital age is the
rise of technological advancement as
well as social media.
Main Idea of soc. media is to communicate
easily with others and to engage more with
people.
Social Media as a new platform for
exposing truth and knowledge.
For News
For Information
sharing For
Entertainment
For Networking
BACKGROUN
D OF THE
STUDY
However,
positive side
despite the
of social media.
There is this problem of:
Massive production of
information Fake information
Manipulated information
Which led to misinformation
for the people who uses social
media.
There is this problem of “what is
STATEMENT OF
THE
ThisPROBLEM
research paper answers
the problem of how an
individual or the self; discovers
truth through the noise of fake
news and misinformation on
social media platforms.
 Statement of the Problem
THIS PAPER AIMS TO ANSWER THE MAIN PROBLEM:

HOW DOES AN INDIVIDUAL OR THE SELF-DISCOVERS TRUTH THROUGH THE NOISE

OF FAKE NEWS AND MISINFORMATION ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS?

How is the idea of Descartes' can answer this problem of misinformation and fake news
in social media? What is the function of social media and how does social media
possess fake news and misinformation?
Sub-questions:
1. What is the idea of the Cartesian Subject and the Cogito
2. What is the nature of fake news and misinformation?
3. What is the Methodic Doubt of Descartes?
4. What is the effect of fake news in self and also in society?
DiScovery of
Truth
Discovery of truth in
social media with
idea of Descartes’

“Cogito Ergo Sum

and Cartesian
Subject”
 IN THE LIGHT
OF
DESCARTES’
This paper aims to examine the idea of
Cartesian Subject of Rene Descartes.

IDEA
Moreover, to analyzes and scrutinizes the
information that manifests in social media
platforms with the application of his idea to
an individual who uses social media platforms
in the noise of fake news and
misinformation. The researcher wants to
argue that an individual can attain the
truthness of information with the help of the
concept of cogito ergo sum in discovering
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
The Cogito Ergo Sum as
a foundation of
Descartes’ idea of
Cartesian Subject
Social Media as a
concrete or established
information provider
The Neo-Cartesianism
theory of Husserl as he
 CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
DISCOVERI
NG
TRUTH
 CONCETPUAL FRAMEWORK
COGITO ERGO SUM
(SELF) CARTESIAN
SUBJECT SKEPTICISM
METHODIC DOUBT
CREDIBILITY OF
INFORMATION
VERIFICATION OF
INFORMATION
CRITICAL THINKING (To examine the good and
bad side of information.)
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
The article by Shai Frogel entitled Descartes: Searching for Truth by Self-
Deception. Truth can be attained by self-deception. This means that holding
one's biases and beliefs with the combined method of doubting the truth is
attainable. In Decartes' case, he temporarily set aside his prejudices to be open
to the quest for truth and existence. He doubted his self and arrived at his idea
of "I think therefore I exist" which is not indubitable anymore. [1] This article will
be used by the researcher to support the main argument of truth discovery.

[1] Shai Frogel, “Descartes: Searching for Truth by Self-Deception,” Proceedings

of the XXIII World Congress of Philosophy 22 (2018): 27.
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
According to Raman Sachdev in his article Descartes and Skepticism, he argued
that the objective of Descartes' skepticism is to doubt everything that arrive at
certainty while the skeptic's objective is to doubt everything and did not arrive
at certainty. Descartes' goal is that certain knowledge has the possibility to be
acquired with the use of his doubting method to examine everything that an
individual perceives. On the other hand, pure skeptics doubted everything and
still arrived at uncertainty.[1] This article is necessary for the researcher to
support the objective of this study.

[1] Raman Sachdev, “Descartes and Skepticism,” Humanities Bulletin

no. 1(2019):79.
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
The article of Matthew McGrath and Jeremy Fantl regarding Truth and
Epistemology Virtuous Thoughts: The Philosophy of Ernest Sosa. The nature of
humans is to search for truth. An epistemological concern about the
truthfulness of knowledge which the nature the of human mind is to search for
truth.[1] This article will also be used by the researcher as part of the study to
examine social media in search of the truthfulness of information as this
provides authentic information and false information.

[1]Matthew McGrath, Jeremy Fantl, “Truth and Epistemology”, Virtuous

Thoughts: The Philosophy of Ernest Sosa. Philosophical Studies Series,
Springer, Dordrecht, (2013): 130. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5934-3_7
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
An article was written by Robert Weston Siscoe in his Doubt Everything: Rene
Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, Meditation 1. This article argues
that doubt is a necessary tool to find truth. He states that the reader must
apply this doubting method to critically examine the beliefs and reality. This
became the foundation of knowledge for human understanding.[1] The study
is relevant to the argument of the researcher, it will be used to support the
study of discovering truth in social media.

[1] Robert Weston Siscoe, “Doubt Everything: Rene Descartes? Meditations

on First Philosophy Meditation 1,” The Philosophy Teaching Library, (2023): 55.
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Lex Newman argued in his article, Decartes' Epistemology, that the point of
Descartes' Meditation is the inquiry of certitude of knowledge, he
established a foundation of knowledge that is indubitable. Descartes'
epistemology is centered on the self, referred it as a thinking subject. This
gives importance to reason as a pathway to discovering truth.[1] This study
will also help the researcher to inspect social media to uncover the true
information.

[1] Lex Newman, “Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,” Stanford,

accessed Oct, 16, 2023, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-
epistemology/
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
In this article by David Carr, "The Fifth Meditation' and Husserl's
Cartesianism", the article points out that Husserl acknowledged Descartes's
Cartesianism, and Husserl developed Cartesianism referred to as neo-
Cartesianism. Husserl did not deny the importance of self-consciousness
which is the idea of Descartes'.
Instead, Husserl arrived at the concept of intersubjectivity of the other self
(consciousness) as the other self is connected to the other
self(consciousness).
[1] This article plays an important role in this paper as examining the
Cartesian
Subject as intersubjective and connected to others.
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
The Role of the Subject in Rene Descartes' Theory of Knowledge by Victor
Wolemonwu and Ihejirika Cardinal, states that the problem of certainty was
addressed by Descartes by using his Cartesian Subject as a thinking thing that
arrived at certainty. The acquisition of knowledge starts in the self which he arrived
at in his indubitable idea of Cogito Ergo Sum which is famously known as I think,
therefore I am. This rationalistic approach can lead the subject to certainty.[1] This
article will be used by the researcher to support the argument of the researcher
that the self can attain certainty or truth.

[1] Victor Wolemunwu and Ihejirika Cardinal, “The Role of the Subject in Rene
Descartes' Theory of Knowledge” Univesity of Port Harcourt Journal of
Philosophy & Public Affairs, no. 1, (2015): 7.
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
In this article, the approaches of Dialectic of Plato and the Skepticism of Descartes'
are both rationalistic approaches that aim at the problem of epistemology the
search for knowledge and truth. Descartes' idea of douting is necessary for
searching for truth on the other hand, the dialectic question and answer of Plato is
also important to have the other perspectives of the others to arrive at truth.[1]
This article will be used by the researcher to examine the skepticism of Descartes.

[1] Pablo Silva Machado Bispo dos Santos, “The Skepticism and the
Dialectic as Instruments of Apprehension
of Knowledge: Some Approaches between Descartes and Plato”, Journal of
Research in Humanities and Social Science (2017), 97.
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
An article was written by Minas Randall, Patricia Moravec, Dennis R. Alan, Fake News on Social
Media: People Believe What They Want to Believe When it Makes No Sense at All. This article was
connected to the main problem of the paper. The author stated that Social media has become a
deceiving platform for many people. Social media has become a source of news that happens
around the globe, and we acquire information easily with the help of this, but the problem is that
many people manipulate news information and shape the understanding of every person that they
deceive the people, while the truth is not actually stated. [1] The platforms of social media make
fake news/misinformation spread rapidly and easily compared to old and traditional oral shared
information. The researcher will also use this as part of this study to support the main problem of
fake news and misinformation.

[1] Minas Randall, Patricia Moravec, Dennis R. Alan, “Fake News on Social Media: People Believe
What They Want to Believe When it Makes No Sense at All”, Kelley School of Business
Research Paper No. 18-87 (2018): 4, 10.2139/ssrn.3269541.
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
An article was written by Minas Randall, Patricia Moravec, Dennis R. Alan, Fake News on Social
Media: People Believe What They Want to Believe When it Makes No Sense at All. This article
supports the main problem of the paper. The author stated that Social media has become a
deceiving platform for many people. Social media has become a source of news that happens
around the globe, and we acquire information easily with the help of this, but the problem is that
many people manipulate news information and shape the understanding of every person that
they state the factuality while the truth is not stated. [1] The platforms of social media make fake
news/misinformation spread rapidly and easily compared to old and traditional oral shared
information. The researcher will also use this as part of this study to support the main problem of
fake news and misinformation.

[1] Minas Randall, Patricia Moravec, Dennis R. Alan, “Fake News on Social Media: People Believe
What They Want to Believe When it Makes No Sense at All”, Kelley School of Business
Research Paper no. 1 (2018): 23, 10.2139/ssrn.3269541.
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
According to Goswami, Manash in his article entitled Fake News and Cyber
Propaganda: A Study of Manipulation and Abuses on Social Media. This article states
that social media shapes the perspective of an individual in real-world experience.
Social media must be the source of information that is examined and shares
information. However, many people become subjectivists where they create their own
truth. [1] This study promotes critical thinking to deeply evaluate the information that is
manifested on social media platforms. This article is relevant to the study of
researcher’s as it provides additional information about the misinformation in social
media.

[1] Goswami, Manash. (2018). Fake News and Cyber Propaganda: A Study
of Manipulation and Abuses on Social Media. (2018): 540.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The focus of this study is to discover truth in the noise of fake news with
Descartes’ theory of Cartesian Subject. On the other hand, it will focus
on how his theory can assist an individual or a subject in discovering
truth in social media.

The researcher will only focus on the social media platforms which are
known with much misinformation due to unethical usage. The
researcher will not go beyond from any search engines and
information providers such as websites.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Social media as a new tool to communicate and share thoughts

of other people and information.

Comparison of Broadcast Media Information to Social

Media Information

unlike the news reports on television where it is carefully examined

to deliver the truth of news, social media doesn't have this kind of
carefully examining and investigation. That's why, there are times
that this platform manifests fake information and misinformation
due to unethical ways usage of other people.
 PROPOSED TABLE OF CONTENTS AND
RESEARCH DESIGN

Chapter I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
B. Statement of the Problem
C. Aims and Objectives of the Study
D. Thesis Statement
E. Theoretical Framework
F. Conceptual Framework
G. Scope and Delimitation
H. Review of Related Literature
I. Research Design
 PROPOSED TABLE OF CONTENTS AND
RESEARCH DESIGN
Chapter II DESCARTES’S MAIN IDEA AND SOCIAL MEDIA
A. Descartes Life
B. Cartesian Subject
·Self-Awareness
·Reason
·Autonomy
C. Methodic Doubt
D. Neo-Cartesianism
E. Truth
F. Social Media
·Fake News
·Misinformation
·Manipulation of Information
 PROPOSED TABLE OF CONTENTS AND
RESEARCH DESIGN

Chapter III APPLICATION OF DESCARTES'S IDEA IN DISCOVERING TRUTH IN

THE SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM

A. Credibility of Information
B. Verification of Information
C. Application of Skepticism
D. Critical Thinking

Chapter IV RESULT, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION

A. Result
B. Conclusion
C. Recommendation
What is the idea of Descartes’ and why is this problem
possibly solved?

Characteristics of the Cartesian subject according

to Descartes’:
Critical Thinking
Skepticism
Self-ruling and autonomous
Methodic doubt
Rationality over emotion
Critical Thinking &
Well Examined
His idea of Cogito or self must evaluate the information side
by side, to ensure the certainty of the information.

Absolute certainty is the objective of Descartes that’s he

doubted his senses which brings false information. He
doubted the reliability of the physical world that he saw.
However, even though he doubted everything, his senses, his
dream, and even his existence, he now arrived at the idea that
he could not doubt that he was doubting. He realized that he
cannot doubt that he is thinking, therefore if he is thinking,
then he is existing.
 Skepticism

He doubted his:
Senses as deceiving
The dream
argument The evil
genius
Which at the end, he states that
skepticism is a path to certainty and also
in truth,
Autonomous

Independency
Self-ruling
Self-deciding
Reason over emotion

Reason as foundation of
knowledge Emotion can lead to
misleading Emotion can cause
erosion
If the theories are applied, the
problem of misinformation and
fake news in social media can
possibly solved

Critical Thinking
Skepticism
Self-ruling and autonomous
Methodic doubt
Rationality over emotion
THANKYO
U.
Femi Olan, Uchitha Jayawickrama, Emmanuel Ogiemwonyi Arakpogun, Jana Suklan &
Shaofeng Liu, “Fake news on Social Media: the Impact on Society”, Inf Syst Front no. 26,
(2024): 443-458, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10242-z.
Shai Frogel, “Descartes: Truth and Self-Deception,” Philosophy no. 91 (2016): 93-108,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819115000443.
Watson, Richard A., "Meditations on First Philosophy", Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Feb.
2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meditations-on-First-Philosophy.
Miceli, Charles, “Descartes’ I Think Therefore I Am”, Historical Philosophy, Epistemology
(2018): 1,3, https://1000wordphilosophy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/cogito.pdf
Kibirige, Harry & DePalo, Lisa, “The Internet as a Source of Academic Research
Information: Findings of Two Pilot Studies”, Information Technology and Libraries, (2000),
19., 11-16.
Babajide Osatuyi, “Information sharing on social media sites”, Computers in
Human Behavior, (2013): 2622-2631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.001.
Kalogeropoulos, Antonis, Lamprini Rori, and Dimitra Dimitrakopoulou. 2021. “‘Social Media
Help Me Distinguish between Truth and Lies’: News Consumption in the Polarised and
Low- Trust Media Landscape of Greece.”, South European Society and Politics 26 (1): 109–32,
doi:10.1080/13608746.2021.1980941.
TRAINING
PURPOSE
Purpose 1 Purpose 2 Purpose 3 Purpose 4
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Title 1
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 MEET THE TEAM

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CONCLUSION
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