WATER RESOURCES THEIR

USE & DEVELOPMENT IN

PAKISTAN
 WATER RESOURCES OF
PAKISTAN

Rain fall
Glacier
Ground water

3
 RAINFALL
Pakistan lies in an arid and semi arid
climate zone
Sources of rainfall
Monsoon
Western disturbances
Mean Annual rainfall
Lower Indus Plain < 100 mm
Upper Indus Plain > 750 mm
Average seasonal rainfall
Kharif = 212 mm
Rabi = 53 mm
4
Flow Chart of Rain Water

72% 28%
 GLACIER
Catchment area of Indus basin contains
some of the largest glacier in the world
outside the polar region.
Glacier area of upper Indus catchment is
abut 2250 Km2 and accounts about 80% of
summer runoff in river.
Kabul River originates from southern
Hindukush and starts rising approximately
a month earlier than Indus and fulfill the
irrigation requirement of late Rabi and
early Kharif crops.
Snow melt account for more than 50% of
6
the flow in Jhelum River.
 SURFACE WATER ACCOUNT
MAF
Average annual volume of water 154.00
from rainfall and snow melt
From Western Rivers 144.91
From Eastern Rivers 9.14
Diversion for irrigation 104.73
Flow to sea 39.40
System losses 9.90

7
 SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES AND
CONSUMPTIONS

8
GROUND WATER
The groundwater has been in use since ancient
times. Ground water, which meets about 40-50%
of the irrigation water requirement, is obtained
by pumping water from ground. Pakistan possess
a rich source of groundwater. About 44 MAF water
are being pumped by public and private tube
wells. Total no. of tube wells in Pakistan are;

Private Tubewells = >950,000

Public+ SCARP Tubewells = 125000

On the average 10,000 tubewells have been

added to the system annually.
 Ground Water
Total Groundwater Potential = 55 MAF
Groundwater Abstraction = 41.5 MAF
Punjab (81 % abstraction)
80 % Fresh water, 20 % Saline
Sind (12 % abstraction)
23 % Fresh water & 77 % Saline
NWFP (5 % Abstraction)
Baluchistan (1.2 % Abstraction)

10
Flow Chart of Ground Water

15% 85% 5% 95%

28% 72%
Total Water Available for Crops
Annual flow
available in Rivers

Ground Water
Rain Water

Water available Water Available

for Crops for Crops
(9 MAF) (29 MAF)

Water Available
for Crops
(31 MAF)

Total Water
Available for Crops
(69 MAF)
 DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION
SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
Average annual
Description withdrawals
(MAF)

Under Colonial Rule (1850 67

– 1947)
Post independence 85
development (1947-60)
Indus Water Treaty 1960 108~105
13
 INDUS WATER TREATY
1960

14
 INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960
SALIENT FEATURES
• All waters of eastern rivers namely Ravi, Beas
and Sutlej allocated to India.
• All waters of western rivers namely Indus, Jhelum
and Chenab allocated to Pakistan except some
specified uses in occupied Kashmir.
• Pakistan to meet the requirements of its eastern
river canals from the western rivers by
constructing suitable replacement works.
• Safeguards incorporated in the treaty to ensure
15 unrestricted flow of waters in the western rivers.
 INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960
SALIENT FEATURES
• Either party constructing a work affecting the other party to
inform the other party at least six months in advance and
supply necessary details to enable the other party to satisfy
itself that the proposed work does not adversely affect the
other party.
• Permanent Indus commission constituted to watch
implementation of the treaty and resolve by negotiations
any problem arising thereof.
• Procedure for settlement of differences and disputes
outlined.
• Differences and disputes first to be resolved by negotiations
by the permanent Indus commission failing which procedure
16 for settling.
 CANAL SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
Canal: is an artificial waterway constructed
for the purpose of irrigation, drainage, or
navigation, or in connection with a
hydroelectric dam.
Which brings river water close to the field
where it is required.

17
 TYPES OF CANAL
• Three types
(a) Perennial canal
(b) Non-perennial
(c) Inundation canal

18
 Perennial canal
Supply water throughout the year
Supply water to the field from dams or
barrages
Upper Bari Doab, Lower Bari Doab, Sidhnai
Canal, Upper and Lower Chenab, Upper
Jhelum Canal
These are originating from Trimmu
Headwork's, Sutlej at Ferozpur, Islam,
Suleimanki and Panjnad Headwork's

19
 Non-Perennial canals
Canals run during the summer and the
rainy season
Sidhnei Canal from Ravi, Haveli canal
from Chenab

20
 Inundation Canals
Canals run only rainy season when water
level in river rises
Supply water is uncertain
Difference is that they get water when
Flood come
They also get water from the river like
other canals

21
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION
SYSTEM (IBIS)
 Pakistan now possesses the world’s largest
contiguous irrigation system commonly
called the Indus Basin Irrigation System
(IBIS).
 It commands about 14 Mha (35Ma) and
encompasses the Indus River and its major
tributaries
 Three large reservoirs including Tarbela,
Mangla, and Chashma, 23
barrages/headwork’s/siphons, 12 inter-river
links canals
 45 canals commands extending for about
60,800 kilometers (Km) or 38,000 miles to
serve over 90,000 farmers operated
watercourses.
 INDUS BASIN PROJECTS

DAMS
i) Terbela on River Indus.
ii) Mangla on River Jhehlum
NEW BARRAGES
i) Chashma Barrage on River Indus
ii) New Rasul Barrage on River Jhehlum
iii) New Marala Barrage on River Chenab
iv) Qadirabab Barrage on River Chenab
v) New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi
24
vi) Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej
 INDUS BASIN PROJECTS
NEW LINK CANALS
i) Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J Link)
ii) Taunsa Panjnad Link (T-P Link)
iii) Rasul Qadirabad Link (R-Q Link)
iv) Qadirabad Balloki Lin (Q-B Link)
v) Balloki Sulemanki Link II (B-S Link II)
vi) Trimmu Sidhnai Link (T-S Link)
vii) Sidhnai – Milsi – Bahawal Link (S-M-B Link)
OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED.
i) Trimmu Barrage
ii) Balloki Barrage

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 KEY WATER INFORMATION
No. of major rivers 5 (Indus, Jhelum,
Chenab, Ravi and
Satluj)
No. of major reservoirs 3
No. of barrages / HW / 23
Syphons
No. of main canal system 45
No. of interlink canals 12
Length of canals 60800 Km
Length of watercourses 1.6 Million Km
Average canal water diversion 104.7 MAF
Groundwater abstraction 41.6 MAF
No. of tubewells >550,000
26
Irrigated area 36 Million Acres
Flow Chart of IBIS
27%

73%

75% 25%

45%

55%

28%

72%
DISTRIBUTION OF AREA AND
WATER
About 77.4% of the total irrigated area of
Pakistan falls in Punjab, 2.8% area falls in
NWFP and 19.8% in Sindh/ Baluchistan.
Based on the statistics of the last 10 years,
the area irrigated by canals has increased
slowly by an aggregate of 6% but its share
in irrigated area has remained constant
due to the continuous increase in the
number of tube wells which now irrigate
20% more area than 10 years ago.
 Pakistan now possesses the world’s
largest contiguous irrigation system
commonly called the Indus Basin
Irrigation System (IBIS).
 It commands about 14 Mha (35Ma) and
encompasses the Indus River and its
major tributaries
 Three large reservoirs including Tarbela,
Mangla, and Chashma, 23
barrages/headwork’s/siphons, 12 inter-
river links canals
 45 canals commands extending for about
60,800 kilometers (Km) or 38,000 miles
to serve over 90,000 farmers operated
watercourses.
THANKS