EE-368 Power Electronics

DC−DC Converters

Dr Taosif Iqbal
[email protected]

1
 Major Components
1- Switch (BJTs, MOSFETs, IGBTs,
Power Electronics

GTOs)
2- Diode
3- Inductor
4- Capacitor

2
 Types of DC-DC Converters
1- Step Down (Buck Converter)
Power Electronics

2- Step Up (Boost Converter)

3- Step Down/Up (Buck-Boost
Converter)

3
 L
1 L
R + +
+ Vo
2 Vdc C R
Vdc C –
–
–
DC-DC Buck Converter
Power Electronics

DC-DC Buck Converter

L L
2
+ +
+
R Vo
Vdc 1 C R Vdc C
– –
–
DC-DC Boost Converter DC-DC Boost Converter

1 2
+ + -
Vdc C R Vdc L C R Vo
L
– – +

DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter

4
 Objective – to efficiently reduce DC
voltage
The DC equivalent of an AC transformer
Power Electronics

Iin Iout

+ +
DC−DC Buck
Vin Converter Vout

− −

Lossless objective: Pin = Pout, which means that VinIin = VoutIout

and
V out I in
=
V in I out
5
 Example of an inefficient DC−DC
converter
R1 The load
Power Electronics

+ +

Vin R2 Vout

− −
R2
Vout = Vin 
R1 + R2
R2 Vout
η= 
R1 + R2 Vin

If Vin = 39V, and Vout = 13V, efficiency η is only 0.33

Useful in very low power applications only

6
 Method for lossless conversion of
39Vdc to average 13Vdc
Stereo Switch closed
Power Electronics

voltage Switch
+ 39 open
39Vdc Rload
–
0

Switch state, Output voltage DT

Closed, 39Vdc T
Open, 0Vdc

If the duty cycle D of the switch is 0.33, then the

average voltage is 39 ● 0.33 = 13Vdc. This is lossless
conversion, but is it acceptable?

7
 Convert 39Vdc to 13Vdc, cont.
add a large C in parallel with the load to
+ control ripple. But if the C has 13Vdc,
39Vdc C Rload then when the switch closes, the source
Power Electronics

– current spikes to a huge value and burns

out the switch.

L add an L to prevent the huge

current spike. But now, if the L
+ has current when the switch
39Vdc C Rload attempts to open, the inductor’s
– current momentum and resulting
Ldi/dt burns out the switch.
lossless
L
By adding a “free wheeling”
+ diode, the switch can open and
Rload the inductor current can continue
39Vdc C
to flow. With high-frequency
– switching, the load voltage ripple
A DC-DC Buck Converter can be reduced to a small value.

8
 C’s and L’s operating in periodic steady-
state
Examine the current passing through a capacitor that is
operating in periodic steady state. The governing
Power Electronics

equation is
1 to t
i(t)= C
dv(t)
which leads to v(t)= v(to )+  i(t)dt
dt C to

Since the capacitor is in periodic steady state, then the

voltage at time to is the same as the voltage one period T
later, so
1 to T
v ( t o +T )=v ( t o ) , or v(to +T)  v(to )= 0 =  i(t)dt
C to
to T
The conclusion is that to
i(t)dt = 0 which means that

the average current through a capacitor operating in

periodic steady state is zero
9
 Now, an inductor
Examine the voltage across an inductor that is operating
in periodic steady state. The governing equation is
Power Electronics

di(t) 1 to t
v(t)= L which leads to i(t)= i(to )+  v(t)dt
dt L to

Since the inductor is in periodic steady state, then the

voltage at time to is the same as the voltage one period T
later, so
1 to T
i ( t o +T ) = i( t o ) , or i(to +T)  i(to )= 0 =  v(t)dt
L to
to T
The conclusion is that to
v(t)dt 0 which means that

the average voltage across an inductor operating in

periodic steady state is zero
10
 KVL and KCL in periodic steady-state
Since KVL and KCL apply at any instance, then they must also be valid
in averages. Consider KVL,
Power Electronics

∑ v ( t )= 0, v1(t)+ v2 (t)+ v3 (t)+ ...+ v N (t)= 0

Aroundloop

to+T to+T to+T t o+T t o+T

1 1 1 1 1
T to
 v1(t)dt + T  v2(t)dt +
to
T  v3(t)dt  ...+
to
T  vN (t)dt =
to
T  ( 0 )dt = 0
to

KVL applies in the average

V1avg +V2avg +V3avg + ...+VNavg = 0 sense

The same reasoning applies to KCL

∑ i ( t )= 0, i1(t)+i2 (t)+i3 (t)+ ...+iN (t)= 0

Outofnode
KCL applies in the average
sense
I1avg + I 2avg + I 3avg + ...+ I Navg = 0
11
 Capacitors and Inductors
dv(t)
In capacitors: i(t)= C The voltage cannot change
dt
instantaneously
Power Electronics

Capacitors tend to keep the voltage constant (voltage

“inertia”). An ideal capacitor with infinite capacitance
acts as a constant voltage source. Thus, a capacitor
cannot be connected in parallel with a voltage source or
a switch (otherwise KVL would be violated, i.e. there will
be a short-circuit)
v(t)= L
di(t) The current cannot change
In inductors:
dt instantaneously
Inductors tend to keep the current constant (current
“inertia”). An ideal inductor with infinite inductance acts
as a constant current source. Thus, an inductor cannot
be connected in series with a current source or a switch
(otherwise KCL would be violated)
12
 Buck converter
+ vL – • Assume large C so that
iL Iout Vout has very low ripple
iin
Power Electronics

L +
Vin C Vout
iC • Since V has very low
out
–
ripple, then assume Iout
has very low ripple

What do we learn from inductor voltage and

capacitor current in the average sense?
+0V–
iin Iout Iout

L +
Vin C Vout
0A
–

13
 The input/output equation for DC-DC
converters usually comes by examining
inductor voltages
Power Electronics

+ (Vin – Vout) –
iin iL Iout
Mode 1
Switch closed for L +
DT seconds Vin C Vout
(iL – Iout) –

Reverse biased, thus the

diode is open

di L di L di L V in −V out
v L =L , v L =V in −V out , V in −V out =L , =
dt dt dt L
for DT seconds
Note – if the switch stays closed, then Vout = Vin

14
 Mode 2
Switch open for (1 − D)T seconds
– Vout +
Power Electronics

iL Iout

L +
Vin C Vout
(iL – Iout) –

iL continues to flow, thus the diode is closed. This

is the assumption of “continuous conduction” in the
inductor which is the normal operating condition.

di L di L di L −V out
v L =L , v L =−V out , −V out =L , =
dt dt dt L
for (1−D)T seconds

15
 Examine the inductor current

diL Vin  Vout

Switch closed, vL = Vin  Vout  =
Power Electronics

dt L

diL  Vout
Switch open, vL =  Vout  =
dt L

 Vout From geometry, Iavg = Iout is halfway

iL ( A/sec)
L
Imax between Imax and Imin Periodic –
finishes
Iavg = Iout ΔI
Vin  Vout where it
( A/sec)
Imin L started

DT (1 − D)T Vin  Vout  Vout

Δi L = t1 = t2
L L
T
16
 Since the average voltage across L is
zero

VLavg = D Vin  Vout + 1  D   Vout  = 0

Power Electronics

. out +Vout  DV
DVin = DV . out

The input/output equation V out =DV in

becomes
From power balance, V in I in =V out I out , so
Note – even though iin is not constant
I in
I out = (i.e., iin has harmonics), the input power is
D still simply Vin • Iin because Vin has no
harmonics 17
 Effect of Load Current Iout Change while
holding Vin, Vout, f, and L constant
Power Electronics

iL

ΔI
Raise Iout

ΔI

Lower Iout
ΔI

• ΔI is unchanged

• Lowering Iout (by increasing R load and, therefore, decreasing Pout )

moves the circuit toward discontinuous operation

18
 Effect of change in f while holding
Vin, Vout, Iout, and L constant
Vin  Vout Vin  Vout
ΔiL = DT = D
Power Electronics

iL
L Lf

Low freq

High freq

• Slopes of iL are unchanged

• Lowering f increases ΔI and moves the circuit toward

discontinuous operation
19
 Effect of inductance L change while
holding Vin, Vout, Iout and f constant
Vin  Vout Vin  Vout
ΔiL = DT = D
Power Electronics

iL
L Lf
Lower L

Raise L

• Lowering L increases ΔI and moves the circuit toward

discontinuous operation

20
 RMS of common periodic waveforms

Sawtooth
Power Electronics

T
T 2 2 T 2
1 V
  V V
2
Vrms =  t  dt = 3 t 2 dt = 3 t 3 |0T
T 0T  T 0 3T
V
Vrms =
3
21
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
cont.
Using the power concept, it is easy to reason that the following
waveforms would all produce the same average power to a
resistor, and thus their rms values are identical and equal to the
Power Electronics

previous example

V V 0

0 0 -
V
V V V

0 0 0

V
V
Vrms =
0 3
22
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
cont.
Now, consider a useful example, based upon a waveform that is
often seen in DC-DC converter currents. Decompose the waveform
into its ripple, plus its minimum value.
Power Electronics

i Δ( t )
the ripple
( I max − I min )

i(t )
I max 0

I avg
I min
= +
the minimum value
I min

I avg =
 I max  I min 
2 0
I max  I min
I avg   I min
2
23
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
cont.
= Avg  i(t)+ I min  
2 2
I rms
Power Electronics

2
I rms = Avg  i 2 (t)+ 2i(t).I min + I min
2

2
I rms = Avg  i 2 (t) + 2I min Avg  i(t) + I min
2
i(t) i(t)
( Avg  i (t) 
2
 )
3 3
I  I min  I max  I min 
2
2
I rms = max + 2I min 2
+ I min
3 2

Define I PP =I max − I min

2
2 I PP 2
I rms = + I min I PP + I min
3
24
 RMS of common periodic waveforms,
cont. 2
Recognize that I min = I avg 
I PP 2 I PP 2
2
I rms = + I min I PP + I min
3
Power Electronics

2 2
2 I PP  I   I 
I rms = +  I avg  PP  I PP +  I avg  PP 
3  2   2 
2 2 2
2 I PP I PP 2 I PP
I rms = + I avg I PP  + I avg  I avg I PP +
3 2 4

2 2
I PP I PP ( I max +I min )
I 2rms = − +I 2avg I avg =
3 4 i(t ) 2

I avg I PP =I max − I min

2
I PP
I 2rms =I 2avg +
12

25
 Inductor current rating
1 2 1
I pp =I out + ( ΔI )
2 2 2 2
I Lrms =I avg +
12 12
Power Electronics

Max impact of ΔI on the rms current occurs at the boundary of

continuous/discontinuous conduction, where ΔI =2Iout
iL
2Iout
Iavg = Iout ΔI
0

2 2 1 2 4 2
I Lrms =I out + ( 2I ) = 3 I out
12 out
Use max
2
I Lrms = I out
3

26
 Capacitor current and current rating
iL Iout

L
Power Electronics

C
(iL – Iout)
Note – raising f or L, which lowers
iC = (iL – Iout) ΔI, reduces the capacitor current
Iout
0
ΔI
−Iout
Max rms current occurs at the boundary of continuous/discontinuous
conduction, where ΔI =2Iout
Use max

1 1 2 I out
+ 2Iout  = 02 + I out
2 2 2
I Crms =I avg
I Crms =
12 3 3

27
 MOSFET and diode currents and current
ratings
iL Iout
iin

L
Power Electronics

C
(iL – Iout)

I sw 2I
out
Iout
0

Id 2Iout
Iout
0
Use max
2
Take worst case D for each I rms = I out
3
28
 Boundary of continuous/discontinuous
−V
state
out
A /sec
iL L
2Iout
Power Electronics

Iavg = Iout
0
(1 − D)T

Worst case:
Vout Vout 1  D 
2I out = 1  D T = I L
L Lf
Vout (1  D)
Lcrit 
2Iout f

29
 Worst-case load ripple voltage

iC = (iL – Iout)
C charging
Power Electronics

Iout
0
T/2
−Iout

During the charging period, the voltage VC moves from the min to
the max. The area of the triangle shown above gives the peak-to-
peak ripple voltage.
1T
I I out ic ,max
ΔQ 2 2 out TI out I out
ΔV = = = =
C C 4C 4Cf
I
ΔV = 2Vo , for worst case Ccrit  out
8Vo f
Raising f or C reduces the load voltage ripple
30
 Voltage ratings
Switch Closed iin iL Iout
C sees Vout
L +
Power Electronics

Vin C Vout
iC
–

Diode sees Vin

MOSFET sees Vin

iL Iout
Switch Open
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

• Diode and MOSFET, use 2Vin

• Capacitor, use 1.5Vout 31

 Discontinuous state
Iout
MOSFET

+
Power Electronics

L
Vin C Vout
DIODE Iout –

• Occurs for light loads, or low operating frequencies, where

the inductor current eventually hits zero during the switch-
open state
• The diode opens to prevent backward current flow
• The small capacitances of the MOSFET and diode, acting in
parallel with each other as a net parasitic capacitance,
interact with L to produce an oscillation
• The output C is in series with the net parasitic capacitance,
but C is so large that it can be ignored in the oscillation
phenomenon

32
 Inductor voltage VL showing oscillation
during discontinuous current operation
Power Electronics

vL = (Vin – Vout)

Switch
closed

vL = –Vout

Switch open

 650kHz. With L = 100µH, this

corresponds to net parasitic C = 0.6nF
33
 Impedance matching !

Iin Iout = Iin / D

Power Electronics

+ +
DC−DC Buck V out
Source R load =
Vin Converter Vout = DVin I out

− −
Iin

+
Equivalent from R equiv
Vin source perspective

−
Vout So, the buck converter
V Vout Rload makes the load
Requiv = in = D = = resistance look larger
I in I out D I out D 2 D2 to the source

34
 Example of drawing maximum power
from solar panel
Power Electronics

PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

Pmax is approx. 130W
6
(occurs at 29V, 4.5A)
Isc 5

4
For max power from
I - amps

3 panels at this solar

2
intensity level, attach
29 V
1 Rload = =6 . 44 Ω
4 .5A
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts
But as the sun
Voc conditions change,
the “max power
I-V characteristic of 6.44Ω resistor resistance” must also
change
35
 Connect a 2Ω resistor directly, extract only !
55W
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6 55W
130W
Power Electronics

r
4

is t o
I - amps

r es
3
2Ω
4Ω or
2
. 4
6 s is t
1 re

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts

To draw maximum power (130W), connect a buck converter between

the panel and the load resistor, and use D to modify the equivalent load
resistance seen by the source so that maximum power is transferred
Rload Rload 2
Requiv = 2
,D = = = 0.56
D Requiv 6.44
36
 Connect a 2Ω resistor directly, extract only 55W !
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6 55W
130W
Power Electronics

r
4

is t o
I - amps

r es
3
2Ω
4Ω or
2
. 4
6 s is t
1 re

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts

D = 0.56 Vin 29V  Vo 16.24V  I o 8.12 A

37
 Buck converter for solar applications
The panel needs a ripple-free current to stay on the max power point.
Wiring inductance reacts to the current switching with large voltage
Power Electronics

spikes.
+ vL –
iL Iout
ipanel

L +
Vpanel C Vout
iC
–

Put a capacitor here to provide the

ripple current required by the
opening and closing of the MOSFET

In that way, the panel current can be ripple

free and the voltage spikes can be controlled

We use a 10µF, 50V, 5A high-frequency bipolar (unpolarized)

capacitor
38
 BUCK DESIGN

Our components
200V, 250V 16A, 20A
Power Electronics

9A 250V 5A
Worst-Case Component Ratings Comparisons
for DC-DC Converters

Output Diode and

Converter Input Inductor Capacitor Output Capacitor Diode and MOSFET
Type Current Voltage Current (Arms) MOSFET Current
(Arms) Voltage (Arms)
Buck 2 1.5 V out 1 2 V in 2
I I I
√3 out √3 out √3 out

8.12A 40V 8.12A 40V 8.12A

Likely worst-case buck situation

39
 BUCK DESIGN

Buck converter for solar applications

8.1A
I out
Power Electronics

1µF Ccrit 
8Vo f
16V 50kHz

V 16V
20µH Lcrit  out
2Iout f
50µF
50kHz
8.1A I out
C
Our L. 400µH, 9A 4Vo f
0.8V
Our C. 100µF, 250V, 5A 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ( 1− 𝐷 )
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( D=0)=
Our D (Diode). 200V, 16A ∆ 𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓
Our M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A 400µH 0.8A
40
 Buck converter + vL –
iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
Power Electronics

iC
–

Boost converter
+ vL –
iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

41
 Boost converter
+ vL –
iL iD Iout
iin
+
Power Electronics

L
Vin C Vout
iC
–

This is a much more unforgiving circuit than the buck

converter
• If the MOSFET gate driver sticks in the “on” position, then there
is a short circuit through the MOSFET – blow MOSFET!
• If the load is disconnected during operation, so that Iout = 0, then
L continues to push power to the right and very quickly charges
C – blow diode and MOSFET!
• Before applying power, make sure that your D is at the
minimum, and that a load is solidly connected

42
 Boost converter
+ vL –
iL iD Iout
iin
Power Electronics

L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

• Modify your MOSFET firing circuit for Boost Converter

operation
• Limit your output voltage

43
 Boost converter
+ vL –
iL iD Iout
iin
Power Electronics

L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–

Using KVL and KCL in the average sense, the

average values are
+0V– Iout Iout
Iin
L +
Vin C Vout
0A –

Find the input/output equation by examining the

voltage across the inductor
44
 Mode 1
Switch closed for DT seconds
+ Vin −
Power Electronics

iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
Iout –

diL Vin Reverse biased, thus the


dt L diode is open
for DT
seconds

Note – if the switch stays closed, the input is short circuited!

45
 Mode 2
Switch open for (1 − D)T seconds
+ (Vin − Vout )
Power Electronics

iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
(iL – Iout) –

diL Vin  Vout Diode closed. Assume


dt L continuous conduction.

for (1−D)T seconds

46
 Since the average voltage across L is
zero
VLavg DVin  1  D Vin  Vout  0
Power Electronics

Vout (1  D ) Vin  DVin  DVin

The input/output equation becomes

A realistic upper limit on boost is 5

Vin
Vout  times at D=0.8
1 D

47
 Examine the inductor current

diL Vin
Switch closed, vL Vin  
Power Electronics

dt L

diL Vin  Vout

Switch open, vL Vin  Vout  
dt L

Iavg = Iin is half way between

iL Vin  Vout
A / sec Imax and Imin
L
Imax
Iavg = Iin Vin ΔI
A / sec
Imin L

DT (1 − D)T

T
48
 Examine the inductor current
iL Vin  Vout
A / sec
L
Imax
Power Electronics

Iavg = Iin Vin ΔI

A / sec
Imin L

DT (1 − D)T
iL iD Iout
isw T iin

Iin L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–
0
iD
Iin

Iout
0
49
 Inductor current rating

2
I Lrms 2
I avg 
1 2 2
I pp I in 
1
 
I 2
Power Electronics

12 12

Max impact of ΔI on the rms current occurs at the boundary of

continuous/discontinuous conduction, where ΔI =2Iin

iL
2Iin
Iavg = Iin ΔI
0

1 4 2
I 2
Lrms I  2
in  2
2I in  I in
12 3
Use max
2
I Lrms  I in
3
50
 Capacitor current and current rating
iD
iL iD Iout 2Iin
iin
Iout
L +
Power Electronics

V 0
Vin C out
iC
–

iC = (iD – Iout)
2Iin −Iout

0
−Iout

Max rms current occurs at the boundary of continuous /

discontinuous conduction, where ΔI =2Iin
Use max

I Crms I out
51
 MOSFET and diode currents and current
+ vL – ratings
iL iD Iout
iin
Power Electronics

L +
Vin C Vout
iC
–
iT
2Iin

0
iD
2Iin

0
Use max
2
Take worst case D for each I rms  I in
3
52
 Voltage ratings

Diode sees Vout

iL Iout
iin
Power Electronics

C sees Vout
L +
Vin C Vout
–

iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
–
MOSFET sees Vout

• Diode and MOSFET, use 2V

out

• Capacitor, use 2V 53
out
 Boundary of continuous/discontinuous
A / secstate
Vin  Vout
L
iL
2Iin
Power Electronics

Iavg = Iin
0
(1 − D)T

V V D
I L  in DT  in
L Lf
Worst case:
V D Vin D
2 I in  in , Lcrit 
Lcrit f 2 I in f

Then, considering the worst case (i.e., D → 1),

use max
Vin D
L  Lcrit guarantees continuous conduction
I L f
54
use min
 Worst-case load ripple voltage

iC = (iD – Iout)
Power Electronics

0
−Iout

Q I out DT I out D
V   
C C Cf

The worst case is where C provides Iout for most of the period (D1).
Then, Q I outT I out
V 2Vout V   
C C Cf
I out I I out D
2Vout   Ccrit  out C
Cf 2Vout f Vo f
55
 Impedance matching
I out 1  D I in
Iin
Power Electronics

+ +
DC−DC Boost V V
Source Vout  in Rload  out
Vin Converter 1 D I out
− −

Iin

+
Equivalent from
Vin Requiv
source perspective
−

V
Requiv  in 
1  D Vout 1  D 2 Vout 1  D 2 R
I out load
I in I out
1 D 56
 Example of drawing maximum power
from solar panel
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002
Pmax is approx.
Power Electronics

6 130W (occurs at
Isc 29V, 4.5A)
5

4 For max power

from panels, attach
I - amps

2 29V
Rload  6.44
1
4.5 A

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
But as the sun
V(panel) - volts
Voc conditions change,
the “max power
resistance” must
I-V characteristic of 6.44Ω resistor also change

57
 Connect a 100Ω resistor directly, extract only
14W
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6
130W
Power Electronics

So, the boost 5

converter
4
reflects a high

I - amps
load 3
resistance to a
4Ω or
2
low resistance . 4
on the source 6 s is t 14W
1 re
side 100Ω resistor
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts

To extract maximum power (130W), connect a boost converter

between the panel and the load resistor, and use D to modify the
equivalent load resistance seen by the source so that maximum
power is transferred Requiv 6.44
Requiv 1  D  Rload , D 1 
2
1  0.746
Rload 58
100
 Connect a 100Ω resistor directly, extract only
14W
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6
130W
Power Electronics

So, the boost 5

converter
4
reflects a high

I - amps
load 3
resistance to a
4Ω or
2
low resistance . 4
on the source 6 s is t 14W
1 re
side 100Ω resistor
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts

D 0.746  Vo Vin / 0.254 29 / 0.254 114V

I o 116V /100 1.14 A

59
 BOOST DESIGN
Our components
6A 250V 1.2A 200V, 250V 16A, 20A
Worst-Case Component Ratings Comparisons
Power Electronics

for DC-DC Converters

Output Diode and

Converter Input Inductor Capacitor Output Capacitor Diode and MOSFET
Type Current Voltage Current (Arms) MOSFET Current
(Arms) Voltage (Arms)
Boost 2 1.5 Vout
2 Vout I out 2 Vout 2
I in I in
3 3

5A 120V 1.2A 120V 5A

Likely worst-case boost situation

60
 BOOST DESIGN

Boost converter for solar applications

1.2A
I out
Power Electronics

0.2nF Ccrit 
2Vout f

116V 50kHz

Vin
1mH Lcrit 
2 I in f

L. 1200µH, 6A
C. 200µF, 250V, 1.2A
D (Diode). 200V, 16A
M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
61
 BOOST DESIGN
Power Electronics

Comparisons of Output Capacitor Ripple Voltage

Converter Type Volts (peak-to-peak)
Boost I 1.2A
5µF C  out
Vout f

5.8V
50kHz

62
 BOOST DESIGN

Minimum Inductance Values Needed to

Guarantee Continuous Current
Power Electronics

Converter Type For Continuous For Continuous

Current in the Input Current in L2
Inductor
Boost V 29V
L  in –
1.2mH I in f

0.4A 50kHz

L. 1200µH, 6A
C. 200µF, 250V, 1.2A
D (Diode). 200V, 16A
M (MOSFET). 250V, 20A
63
Power Electronics Buck Converter – non ideal

vL 0 DVg  I L RL  VC
V I g DI L
ic 0 I L  C
R
V
DVg  C RL  VC
R
VC D

Vg 1  RL / R
64
Power Electronics Buck Converter – non ideal

65
 Buck Converter – non ideal 1
RL /R=10e-3
0.9
0.1
Power Electronics

0.8 0.2

0.7

0.6

Vo/Vin
0.5

Vo D

0.4

Vin 1  RL / R 0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
D

66
Power Electronics Boost Converter – non ideal

VL ,avg 0 D Vg  I L RL   (1  D ) Vg  I L RL  V 

 V  V
I C ,avg 0 D     (1  D)  I  
 R  R

V 1 1 Vg 1
 IL 
Vg (1  D )  RL  (1  D) 2 R  RL 
1 
 (1  D) 2 R 
 1  (1  D) 2 R   
 

67
 Boost Converter – non ideal
VL ,avg 0 D Vg  I L RL   (1  D ) Vg  I L RL  V 
Power Electronics

Vg  I L RL  DV   V  V
I C ,avg 0 D     (1  D)  I  
 R  R
V
DI 
R

68
 Boost Converter – non ideal
Power Electronics

V 1 1

Vg (1  D )  RL 
1 
 (1  D) 2 R 
 
69
 Boost Converter – non ideal
Pout V / R 
2
Power Electronics

 
Pin Vg I L 
1

 RL 
1 
 (1  D) 2 R 
 

70
 + vL –
Buck converter iL Iout
iin
L +
Vin C Vout
Power Electronics

iC
–

Buck-Boost converter

iin
+ –
Vin VL iL Vout
C iC
- +
I out

771
 !
Buck-Boost converter
iD
iin
Power Electronics

+ –
Vin VL iL Vout
C iC
- +
I out

• If the MOSFET gate driver sticks in the “on” position, then there
is a short circuit through the MOSFET – blow MOSFET!
• If the load is disconnected during operation D> 0.5, so that I out =
0, then L continues to push power to the right and very quickly
charges C up to a high value (250V) – blow diode and
MOSFET!
• Before applying power, make sure that your D is at the
minimum, and that a load is solidly connected

72
 !
Buck-Boost converter
iD
iin
Power Electronics

+ –
Vin VL iL Vout
C iC
- +
I out

• Reverse voltage polarity; ground is not common any more

73
 Buck-Boost converter
iD
iin
Power Electronics

+ –
Vin VL iL Vout
C iC
- +
I out

Using KVL and KCL in the average sense, the

average values are

iin
+ 0A –
Vin 0V iL Vout
C iC
- +
I out

74
 Switch closed for DT seconds
iD
iin
Power Electronics

+ –
Vin VL iL Vout
C iC
- +
I out

diL Vin Reverse biased, thus the


dt L diode is open
for DT
seconds

Note – if the switch stays closed, the input is short circuited!

75
 Switch open for (1-D)T seconds
iD
iin
Power Electronics

- –
Vin VL iL Vout
C iC
+ + iC=(iD – Iout)
I out

diL  Vout Diode closed. Assume


dt L continuous conduction.

for (1−D)T seconds

76
 Since the average voltage across
L is zero
VLavg DVin  1  D Vout  0
Power Electronics

Vout (1  D)  DVin

The input/output equation becomes

DVin
Vout 
1 D
Vout range is from 0 to 1 for D 0.5 and 1 to  for 0.5<D<1

77
 Examine the inductor current

diL Vin
Switch closed, vL Vin , 
dt L
Power Electronics

Switch open, diL  Vout

vL  Vout , 
dt L
Iavg is half way between
iL  Vout
A / sec
L Imax and Imin
Imax
I avg I in  I out Vin
A / sec ΔI
Imin L

DT (1 − D)T
V V
iL  in DTs  o (1  D)Ts
T L L
78
 Examine the inductor current
Iavg is half way between
iL  Vout
A / sec
L Imax and Imin
Power Electronics

Imax
I avg I in  I out
Vin ΔI
A / sec
Imin L

DT (1 − D)T

Vin DTs Vo (1  D )Ts

iL  
L L
I out D I out
I Lavg I in  I out   I out 
1 D 1 D

79
 Examine the inductor current
Iavg is half way between
iL  Vout
A / sec
L Imax and Imin
Power Electronics

Imax
I avg I in  I out
Vin ΔI
A / sec
Imin L

DT (1 − D)T
iC Iin
isw T Iavg -Io
Iin +Io
0
0 -Iout
iD

Iin +Io

Iout
0 80
 Boundary of continuous/discontinuous
state
Iavg is half way between
iL  Vout
A / sec
L Imax and Imin
Power Electronics

Imax
I avg I in  I out
Vin
A / sec ΔI
L
Imin
DT (1 − D)T
T

V DT V D
iL  in s  in
L Lf
Worst case:
iL 2 I Lavg
Vin D I out Vout
2 I Lavg  2 2
Lf 1 D (1  D) R
D Vout D (1  D ) 2 R
2 2 2
 Lcrit 
Lf Vin (1  D ) R (1  D ) R 2f
81
 Worst-case load ripple voltage

iC = (iD – Iout)
Power Electronics

0
−Iout

Q I out DT I out D
V   
C C Cf

The worst case is where C provides Iout for most of the period (D1).
Then, Q I outT I out
V 2Vout V   
C C Cf
I out I 1
2Vout   Ccrit  out 
Cf 2Vout f 2 fR
82
 Inductor current rating
2
1 2 I out 1
I 2
Lrms I 2
avg  I pp 
12 2
(1  D) 12
 I 2 
Power Electronics

Max impact of ΔI on the rms current occurs at the boundary of

continuous/discontinuous conduction, where ΔI =2Iavg

2Iavg
iL

Iavg ΔI
0
2 2 2
2  I  4 I  4 I 
I Lrms  out    out    out 
 1  D  12  1  D  3  1 D 
Use max
2  I out 
I Lrms   
3  1 D 

83
 Capacitor current rating

iC = (iD – Iout)
Power Electronics

Iin

0
−Iout

Max impact of ΔI on the rms current occurs at the boundary of

continuous/discontinuous conduction, where ΔI =2Iavg
 I   I 
2 I avg 2  out  I L I C max 2 I avg  I out 2  out   I out I out
 1 D   1 D 

Use max
I Crms I out

84
 MOSFET and diode currents and current
ratings
I sw
2Iavg
Power Electronics

ID
2Iavg

2  I out 
I rms   
3  1 D 

85
 Voltage ratings
iD Diode sees Vin
iin
C sees Vout
Power Electronics

+ –
Vin VL iL Vout
C iC
- +
I out

MOSFET sees Vin iD

iin
- –
Vin VL iL Vout
C iC
+ +
I out

• Diode and MOSFET, use 2V

in

• Capacitor, use 1.5V

out 86
 Control of DC-DC converter:
pulse width modulation (PWM)

Vo (desired)
Power Electronics

+ Vcontrol Switch control

signal
Vo (actual) Comparator
-
Sawtooth
Waveform Sawtooth
Waveform

Vcontrol 1
Vcontrol 2

Switch
control
ton 2 signal

ton 1
T
87
 Isolated DC-DC Converter
Isolated DC-DC requires isolation transformer
Two types: Linear and Switched-mode
Power Electronics

Advantages of switched mode over linear power supply

-Efficient (70-95%)
-Weight and size reduction
Disadvantages
-Complex design
-EMI problems
However above certain ratings, SMPS is the only feasible
choice
Types of SMPS (Isolated)
-Flyback
-Forward
-Push-pull
-Bridge (half and full)

88
 Linear and Switch mode power
supplies
C E
Vce=Vd-Vo +Vo DC Regulated
DC Unregulated
B +
Basic Block diagram
Power Electronics

+
Base/gate RL
of linear power supply Line Vd Drive Vo
Input -
1 / 3 -
Rectifier/ Error Vo
50/60 Hz Filter Amp.
Isolation
Transformer
Vref

DC-DC CONVERSITION AND

DC ISOLATION
DC
Unregulated Regulated
High
RECTIFIER Frequency
EMI
AND
FILTER rectifier Vo
FILTER
and
filter

Basic Block diagram Vref

of SMPS Base/
PWM error
gate
Controller Amp
drive
89
 Linear and Switch mode power
supplies
Basic function:
Power Electronics

1) Input- output electrical isolation

2) step up/down time - varying voltage
Basic input-output relationship
v1 N1 i1 N1 i2
 ; N2
v2 N 2 + +
i1 N 2 V1 V2 Ideal model
 
i2 N1 

Models : i1 i2
N1 N2
+ +
Lm Model used for
V1 V2

most PE application


90
 Flyback Converter

+
Power Electronics

C R Vo
Vd LM


Flyback converter circuit

iD
iS i 1 N1 N2
+
+  + vD 
iLM v2 iC iR Vo
v1
Vd +
 
+ vSW  i2

Model with magnetising

inductance
91
 Operation: switch closed
0 N1 N2
is=iLM
 +
+
v2
Power Electronics

iLM v1 Vo
Vd +
 
v1=Vs 0

diLm On the load side of the transformer,

v1 Vd Lm
dt  N2   N2 
diLm iLm Vd v2 v1   Vd  
   N1   N1 
dt DT Lm
 N2 
V DT vD  Vo  Vd    0, i.e. diode turned off
 
 iLm
closed
 d
Lm
 N1 

92
 Operation: switch open
iD
N1 N2
+ +

Power Electronics

iLM v1 v2= -Vo

VS Vo
Vs  + 
+ vSW 

diLm N 
v1 Lm  Vo  1 
N  dt  N2 
v1  Vo  1 
 N2  diLm

iLm V  N 
 o 1
But v2  Vo dt 1  D T Lm  N 2 
N  N  Vo (1  D)T  N1 
 v1 v2  1   Vo  1   iLm open   
 N2   N2  Lm N
 2
Voltage across the switch:
N 
vSW VS  Vo  1 
 N2 
93
 Output voltage

For steady-state operation,

Power Electronics

i 
Lm closed

 iLm 
opened
0

Vs DT Vo 1  D T  N1 
    0
Lm Lm  N2 
 D   N2 
 Vo Vs   
 1  D   N1 

• Input output relationship is similar to buck-boost converter.

• Output can be greater or less than input, depending upon
D.
• Additional term, i.e. transformer ratio is present.

94
 Flyback waveforms
Vs

v1
2
V
Ps P0  Vd I s  0
Power Electronics

R -V(N1 /N2)
I s is related to I Lm as:
iLm
I Lm DT iLM
Is 
T
 
 I Lm D

Solving for I Lm is

V02 V0 2
 
Vs I Lm D   I Lm 
R Vs DR t

I Lm can written as: iD

2
Vs D  N 2 
I Lm   
(1  D) 2 R  N1  iC

V0  N2 
  
(1  D) R  N1  DT T  Vo/ R t
95
 Max, Min inductor current

2
iLm Vd D  N 2  V d DT
Power Electronics

I Lm ,max I Lm   2   
2 (1  D ) R  N1  2 Lm
2
iLm Vd D  N 2  Vd DT
I Lm ,min I Lm   2   
2 (1  D ) R  N1  2 Lm
For CCM/DCM boundary, I Lm ,min 0
2 2
Vd D  N 2  Vd DT Vd D Vd (1  D) 2 R  N1 
2       Lm min   
(1  D ) R  N1  2 Lm 2 Lm f 2f N
 2

96
Power Electronics Full-bridge converter

97
Power Electronics Full-bridge converter

98
 Full bridge: basic operation

• Switch “pair”: [S1 & S2];[S3 & S4].

Power Electronics

• Each switch pair turns on at same time while other pair is

off.

• “AC voltage” is developed across the primary. Then

transferred to secondary via high frequency transformers.

• On secondary side, diode pair is “high frequency full wave

rectification”.

• The choke (L) and (C ) acts like the “buck converter”

circuit.
 Ns 
• Output Voltage Vo 2Vs   D
 Np 
 

99