Lecture 3
Lecture 3
Lecture 3
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MAIN UNITS OF STEAM
POWER STATION
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COAL AND ASH HANDLING
ARRANGEMENT
• The coal is transported to the power station by road or rail or ship and is
stored in the coal storage plant.
• From the coal storage plant, coal is delivered to the coal handling plant where
it is crushed into small pieces (pulverized) in order to increase its surface
exposure, thus promoting rapid combustion without using large quantity of
excess air.
• The pulverized coal is fed to the boiler by belt conveyors. The coal is burnt in
the boiler and the ash produced after the complete combustion of coal is
removed to the ash handling plant and then delivered to the ash storage plant
for disposal.
• A 100 MW station operating at 50% load factor may burn about 20,000 tons of
coal per month and ash produced may be 10% ~ 15% of coal fired i.e., 2,000
~ 3,000 tons.
• About 50% to 60% of the total operating cost consists of fuel purchasing and
its handling.
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STEAM GENERATING
PLANT
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BOILER
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TYPES OF BOILER
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FLUE GAS
• Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue, which is a
pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases from a fireplace, oven,
furnace, boiler or steam generator. Quite often, the flue gas refers to
the combustion exhaust gas produced at power plants.
• Flue gases are a mixture of combustion products including water
vapor, carbon dioxide, particulates, heavy metals, and acidic gases
generated from direct (incineration) or indirect (gasification and
pyrolysis) oxidation of RDF or intermediate syngas.
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SUPERHEATER
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SUPERHEATER (CONT.)
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ECONOMIZER
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AIR PREHEATER
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R E LAT I V E PO S I T I O N O F
SU PE R H E AT E R , E C O N O M I Z E R , A IR
PR E H E AT E R
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STEAM TURBINE
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ALTERNATOR
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FEED WATER
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COOLING ARRANGEMENT
A condenser is a device which condenses the steam at the exhaust of turbine. It serves
two important functions. Firstly, it creates a very low pressure at the exhaust of
turbine, thus permitting expansion of the steam in the prime mover to a very low
pressure. This helps in converting heat energy of steam into mechanical energy in the
prime mover. Secondly, the condensed steam can be used as feed water to the boiler.
There are two types of condensers, namely :
(i) Jet condenser (ii) Surface condenser
In a jet condenser, cooling water and exhausted steam are mixed together. Therefore,
the temperature of cooling water and condensate is the same when leaving the
condenser. Advantages of this type of condenser are : low initial cost, less floor area
required, less cooling water required and low maintenance charges. However, its
disadvantages are : condensate is wasted and high power is required for pumping
water.
In a surface condenser, there is no direct contact between cooling water and exhausted
steam. It consists of a bank of horizontal tubes enclosed in a cast iron shell. The cooling
water flows through the tubes and exhausted steam over the surface of the tubes. The
steam gives up its heat to water and is itself condensed. Advantages of this type of
condenser are : condensate can be used as feed water, less pumping power required
and creation of better vacuum at the turbine exhaust. However, disadvantages of this
type of condenser are high initial cost, required large floor area and high maintenance
charges.
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WATER TREATMENT PLANT
• Boilers require clean and soft water for longer life and better
efficiency. However, the source of boiler feed water is generally a
river or lake which may contain suspended and dissolved
impurities, dissolved gases etc. Therefore, it is very important that
water is first purified and softened by chemical treatment and then
delivered to the boiler.
• The water from the source of supply is stored in storage tanks. The
suspended impurities are removed through sedimentation,
coagulation and filtration. Dissolved gases are removed by aeration
and degasification.
• The water is then ‘softened’ by removing temporary and permanent
hardness through different chemical processes. The pure and soft
water thus available is fed to the boiler for steam generation.
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SITE SELECTION OF
STEAM POWER PLANT
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