Lec2 DB Enviroment

Lecture 2
Database Environment
1
Objectives of Three-Level Architecture
All users should be able to access same data.
A user’s view is immune to changes made in

other views.
Users should not need to know physical

database storage details.
2
Objectives of Three-Level
Architecture
DBA should be able to change database storage
structures without affecting the users’ views.
Internalstructure of database should be unaffected

by changes to physical aspects of storage.
DBA should be able to change conceptual structure

of database without affecting all users.
3
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level Architecture
4
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level Architecture
External Level
◦ Users’ view of the database.
◦ Describes that part of database that is
relevant to a particular user.
Conceptual Level
◦ Community view of the database.
◦ Describes what data is stored in database and
relationships among the data.
5
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level
Architecture
Internal Level
◦ Physical representation of the database on
the computer.
◦ Describes how the data is stored in the
database.
6
Differences between Three Levels of
ANSI-SPARC Architecture
7
Data Independence
Logical Data Independence
◦ Refers to immunity of external schemas to
changes in conceptual schema.
◦ Conceptual schema changes (e.g.
addition/removal of entities).
◦ Should not require changes to external
schema or rewrites of application programs.
8
Data Independence
Physical Data Independence
◦ Refers to immunity of conceptual schema to
changes in the internal schema.
◦ Internal schema changes (e.g. using different
file organizations, storage structures/devices).
◦ Should not require change to conceptual or
external schemas.
9
Data Independence and the ANSI-
SPARC Three-Level Architecture
10
Data Model
Integrated collection of concepts for
describing data, relationships between data,
and constraints on the data in an
organization.
 Data Model comprises:

◦ a structural part;
◦ a manipulative part;
◦ possibly a set of integrity rules.
11
Data Model
Purpose
◦ To represent data in an understandable way.
Categories of data models include:

◦ Object-based
◦ Record-based
◦ Physical.
12
Data Models
Object-Based Data Models
◦ Entity-Relationship
◦ Semantic
◦ Functional
◦ Object-Oriented.
Record-Based Data Models

◦ Relational Data Model
◦ Network Data Model
◦ Hierarchical Data Model.
Physical Data Models

13
Relational Data Model
14
Network Data Model
15
Hierarchical Data Model
16
Multi-User DBMS Architectures
Teleprocessing
File-server
Client-server
17
Teleprocessing
Traditional architecture.
Single mainframe with a number of
terminals attached.
Trend is now towards downsizing.
18
File-Server
File-server is
connected to several workstations
across a network.
Database resides on file-server.
DBMS and applications run on each workstation.
Disadvantages include:
◦ Significant network traffic.
◦ Copy of DBMS on each workstation.
◦ Concurrency, recovery and integrity control more complex.
19
File-Server Architecture
20
Traditional Two-Tier Client-Server
Client(tier 1) manages user interface and
runs applications.
Server (tier 2) holds database and DBMS.
Advantages include:
◦ wider access to existing databases;
◦ increased performance;
◦ possible reduction in hardware costs;
◦ reduction in communication costs;
◦ increased consistency.
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23
Three-Tier Client-Server
Client side presented two
problems preventing true
scalability:
◦ ‘Fat’ client, requiring considerable
resources on client’s computer to run
effectively.
◦ Significant client side administration
overhead.
By 1995, three layers

proposed, each potentially
running on a different 24
Advantages:
◦ ‘Thin’ client, requiring less expensive
hardware.
◦ Application maintenance centralized.
◦ Easier to modify or replace one tier
without affecting others.
◦ Separating business logic from
database functions makes it easier to
implement load balancing.
◦ Maps quite naturally to Web
environment.
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Lecture 2

All users should be able to access same data.

A user’s view is immune to changes made in

Users should not need to know physical

Internalstructure of database should be unaffected

DBA should be able to change conceptual structure

 Data Model comprises:

Categories of data models include:

Record-Based Data Models

Physical Data Models

Database resides on file-server.

DBMS and applications run on each workstation.

By 1995, three layers

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