Rizal Life: Exile, Trial, and Death

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CHAPTER 5:

Rizal Life:
Exile, Trial,
and Death
Today we'll



discuss
ARRIVAL IN MANILA
FOUNDING OF LA LIGA
EXILE IN DAPITAN
• TRIAL OF RIZAL
• TEODORA’S LETTER TO
GOVERNOR GENERAL
POLAVIEJA
• RIZAL’S MESSAGE OF
FAREWELL
• EXECUTION AND DEATH
• THE AFTER-LIFE MEMORY
Arrival in
Manila
Arrival in Manila
• Rizal's daring return to Manila in June, 1892 was his
second homecoming.
• He urged his fellow compatriots in Europe to join
him in the homeland to work together, and they will
suffer or triumph together.
• Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila on June
26, 1892. That afternoon, at 4:00 o'clock, he went
to Malacanang Palace to seek an audience with the
Spanish governor general, General Eulogio
Despujol.
• The next day, June 27, 1892, he traveled by train
from Tutuban Station to visit friends in Bulacan,
Pampanga, and Tarlac.
• He returned to Manila on June 28, 1892.
Founding of La
Liga Filipina
Founding of La Liga
Filipina
• Rizal's founding the La Liga Filipina
upon his return to the Philippines in
July 1892, marked a significant step
• The Liga Filipina aimed to foster
mutual aid, protect against injustice,
promote education, agriculture, and
in the reformist movement in the commerce, and implement reforms.
Philippines.
• On July 6, 1892, just four days after
• The founding of the "Liga Filipina, a the Liga was formed, Rizal was
league or association sought to unite arrested by Spanish authorities, who
all Filipinas of good character for saw the Liga as a threat.
concerted action toward the
economic advancement of their • On July 3, 1892, following his morning
country, and providing opportunities interview with Governor General
for education and growth for Despujol, Rizal explained the goals of
talented young Filipinos. the Liga Filipina.
• Resistance to oppression through • The following officers were elected to
legal means was also encouraged. the new league: President Ambrosio
• Many members of society seeking Salvador, Deodato Arellano
(Secretary), Agustin de la Rosa
change were drawn to the Liga, (Treasurer) and Bonifacio Arevalo
including Andres Bonifacio, who (Fiscal).
The Calle Ilaya
monument to Rizal
and his associates of
The Calle Ilaya
monument to Rizal
and his associates of
• The Liga Filipina's motto is Unus Instar
Omnium (One Like All).
• In his final meeting with Governor General
Despujol, Rizal was questioned about his support
for a Filipino colony in British North Borneo.

La Liga Filipina.
• The Supreme Council was the league's
governing body, with jurisdiction over the
entire country
• Rizal had previously written to Despujol from
Hong Kong, proposing this plan, but Despujol had
opposed it, arguing that it was unpatriotic to
divert Filipino labor to foreign lands when there
was much uncultivated land in the Philippines.
The Liga members' responsibilities are as • Rizal responded by highlighting the government’s
difficulties with land disputes and bitterness
follows: between parties, maintaining his original position.
1.to obey the Supreme Council's orders; • The General then took five small sheets of the
2.to assist in recruiting new members "Poor Friars" handbill from his desk, claiming they
3.to keep the Liga authorities' decisions had been discovered in the roll of bedding sent
with Rizal's baggage to the custom house, and
strictly confidential asked who they could be.
4.to have a symbolic name that he cannot
change until he becomes president of his • Three days later, Rizal was arrested and exiled to
Dapitan. Shortly after his arrest, the Kataas-
council taasang Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga
5.to report to the fiscal anything he hears Anak ng Bayan, led by Andres Bonifacio, was
formally established on July 7, 1892,
that affects the Liga overshadowing Rizal's Liga Filipina.
Exile in Dapitan
• Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, Zamboanga Del
Norte from 1892 to 1896. During his exile, he
practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies,
and continued his artistic and literary works.
• Rizal improved his language skills, established
a boys school, and supported community
development projects.
• He invented a wooden machine for making
bricks and engaged in farming and commerce.
• Rizal's peaceful and enjoyable life in Dapitan
was admired by fellow reformers, scientists,
and scholars.
• His exceptional medical abilities using
Philippine medicinal plants attracted many low-
income patients.
• Welcomed both wealthy and impoverished
patients, charging them less or accepting in-
kind payments from those with little to no
money.
• Assisted by Father Francisco Sanchez, his
Exile in Dapitan
• Improved the town plaza in Dapitan by
incorporating a large relief map of Mindanao,
still visible today.
• Designed and built a water system to provide
clean water to the people of Dapitan.
• Built the water system despite lack of funds,
limited resources, and no government
assistance, relying on his Ateneo education,
engineering textbook readings, determination,
and ingenuity.
• Rizal's charity work included providing free
treatment to the poor in the town, benefiting
the community.
• He fulfilled his childhood dream by opening his
own school, where he implemented an
educational system he had learned abroad.
• The school had about twenty students,
including house servants, and was taught by
Rizal without the use of books.
• Mathematics and in languages, including
English and Spanish, were given significant
Exile in Dapitan
• Rizal enforced strict language rules, punishing
anyone who spoke in a language other than the
designated one with a rattan handcuff.
• He engaged in nature study by helping the Doctor
collect specimens of flowers, shells, insects, and
reptiles for German museums.
• Rizal received payment for these specimens in the
form of scientific books and materials.
• Doctor Karl von Heller, the director of the Royal
Zoological and Anthropological Museum in
Dresden, was a close friend and admirer of Rizal,
along with other European friends who saw him as
a peaceful reformer rather than a Spanish
insurrectionary.
• Jose conducted scientific research and collected
animal and plant specimens in Dapitan's rich virgin
field.
• He sent these specimens to the European Museum
in Dresden in exchange for scientific books and
surgical instruments.
• Jose accumulated 346 shells from 203 different
species through his research.
Exile in Dapitan
• Some of the rare specimens named after him
include Draco rizali (a flying dragon),
Apogonia rizali (a small beetle), and
Rhacophorus rizali (a rare frog).
• Jose Rizal studied Bisayan, Subanum, and
Malayan languages and wrote a Tagalog
grammar while in Dapitan.
• Some of his notable poems include A Don
Ricardo Carnicero, Himno A Talisay, Mi Retiro,
El Canto del Viajero, and Josephine.
• He engaged in drawing and sculpture,
creating artworks of people and objects that
caught his attention.
• Rizal purchased 70 hectares of land in Dapitan
where he constructed a house, school,
hospital, and cultivated various crops like fruit
trees, corn, coffee, cacao, sugarcane, and
hemp. With the help of Ramon Carreon, a
local merchant, he prospered in ventures
Exile in Dapitan
• Rizal established the Cooperative Association of
Dapitan Farmers with the aim of challenging the
Chinese monopoly in Dapitan by enhancing farm
products, finding better markets, collecting
funds, and supporting producers and workers
through a dedicated store.
• Jose Rizal invented the "sulpukan," a wooden
cigarette lighter that operated on compressed
air.
• He also had an idea for a brick-making machine
that could produce 6,000 bricks per day, inspired
by a Belgian model.
• Despite his accomplishments in Dapitan, Jose
felt a sense of emptiness and longed to be with
his family, relatives, and friends.
• Josephine Bracken, an eighteen-year-old Irish
girl, arrived in Dapitan and brought joy and
companionship to Jose. •Josephine Bracken was
a sweet Irish girl who was slim, had blond hair,
blue eyes and dressed elegantly in a light gayety
Exile in Dapitan
• On October 3, 1876, her Irish parents, James
Bracken, a corporal in the British garrison and
Elizabeth Jane MacBride, gave birth to her in
Hong Kong.
• Jose and Josephine fell in love and decided to
marry, even though no priest was willing to
marry them.
• They joyfully shared their lives in Dapitan, and
Josephine became pregnant, but their child only
lived for three hours. The baby was named
"Francisco" in honor of Jose's father.
• On July 7, 1892, Andres Bonifacio established the
Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan, a revolutionary society,
and staged an armed revolt in 1896.
• Dr. Pio Valenzuela informed Jose Rizal of their
plans, accompanied by Raymundo Mata, a blind
man, to maintain secrecy.
• Jose Rizal believed they were unprepared for a
Exile in Dapitan
• He declined the Katipuneros's offer to save him.
• Blumentritt had informed him about the yellow
fever epidemic in Cuba and suggested he
volunteer as an army doctor to end his exile.
• Jose offered his medical services in Cuba to
Governor General Ramon Blanco on December 17,
1895.
• After months of no response, he received a letter
on July 30, 1896, allowing him to travel to Manila,
Spain, and then to Cuba.
• On July 31, 1896, Jose emotionally left Dapitan,
where residents bid him farewell with teary eyes.
Trial of Rizal
• August 26, 1896: Andres Bonifacio and his fearless Katipuneros cried out in the
hills of Balintawak ( populary known as " Cry of Balintawak).
• August 30: Katipuneros attacked San Juan but were repulsed with heavy losses.
• Following the Battle of San Juan, Governor General Blanco declared a state of war
in the eight provinces of Manila (as a province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas,
Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Vizcaya, and Tarlac for their insurgency against Spain.
• Jose received letters from Governor General Blanco exonerating him.
• September 3, 1896: Jose left for Spain. •Jose was unexpectedly apprehended on
a Spanish steamer. •November 3, 1896: Jose arrived in Manila.
• Rizal was transferred to Fort Santiago from the ship by Spaniards and friars for
more soldiers and supplies.
• The preliminary investigation began on November 20 with Rizal being given 15
pieces of documentary evidence.
• Colonel Olive transmitted the records on November 6 to take action against Rizal.
• Rizal could only choose his own defense attorney from a list of Spanish Army
lieutenants.
Trial of Rizal
• Rizal's bodyguard in Calamba, Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, was the brother of Lt.
Jose Taviel de Andrade.
• A five-day preliminary investigation was launched on November 20, 1896.
• Colonel Francisco Olive briefed Rizal on the charges against him during the
investigation.
• General Camilo G. de Polavieja became the Governor General of the Philippines on
December 13.
• Fifteen exhibits of documentary evidence were presented against Jose Rizal.
• Captain Dominguez summarized the action and sent it to Governor General Ramon
Blanco, who forwarded it to Judge Advocate General Don Nicolas De la Pena.
• Pena recommended that Rizal be brought to trial immediately, kept in prison, his
property attached for a million pesos as indemnity, and represented in court by an
army officer instead of a civilian lawyer.
• Jose was accused of being the "propal organer iving soul of the Filipino insurgency"
and the founder of societies and periodios books dedicated to inciting rebellion.
• He claimed he was not a revolutionary and emphasized that the Liga Filipina's
constitution was just a civic alliance.
Trial of Rizal
• General Camilo G. de Polavieja received Jose's case on December 13, 1896.
• Rizal's trial was seen as an example of Spanish injustice and misrule, with the
military court prejudging him and deeming him guilty before the trial began.
• The military court was made up of alien military officers, even though Rizal was a
civilian, and all charges and testimonies against him were accepted while his
arguments and proofs were ignored.
• Rizal's trial in 1896 under Spanish rule was marked by injustice.
• Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, Rizal's defense counsel, worked tirelessly to prevent a
death sentence.
• Rizal defended himself by stating he advised against revolt, did not share radical
views, and did not authorize the use of his name by revolutionaries.
• He argued that if he were truly a revolutionary, he would have fled to Singapore or
used a Moro vinta for escape.
• Rizal highlighted his involvement with Liga Filipina as a civic organization, not a
revolutionary group.
• Despite some critical remarks in his letters, they were written during his family's
persecution in 1890.
Trial of Rizal
• Rizal emphasized his exemplary life in Dapitan and disputed claims that his speech
inspired the revolution.
• Witnesses claimed he was against armed rebellion •Katipunan sent an unknown
emissary to Dapitan because they knew he wouldn't support violence •Jose's
appeal was dismissed by the biased military court
• Military court members unanimously convicted and sentenced Jose to death
• Governor General Camilo G. de Polavieja approved the death sentence on
December 28, 1896
• Jose spent his last 24 hours seeing and speaking with friends, family, and Josephine
Bracken.
Teodora’s Letter to
Governor General Polavieja
• Among the letters inked by the family of Rizal, it was the letter of his
mother Teodora Alonzo pleading for the life of his son towards rulers of
Spain was considered the most heartwarming, emotional and the most
significant as well for it proved two things;
1.The love of a mother to a son knows no limits and boundaries. A mother
could do the most extreme to save the life of her son. It shows in the part
of the Petition letter to Camilo Polavieja, a Spanish Governor General of
the Philippines.
“That her son Jose Rizal y Mercado having been sentenced to death by the
Council of War for the crime attributed to him of rebellion against the Mother
Country, a crime, which in conscience and at most in justice has not been
proven in a conclusive manner"
“Consider the tribulations of an unhappy mother, who in the last years of her
life and at the advanced age of seventy-one, is going to have the greatest
and the most poignant of sorrows, which is that of witnessing the death of her
unfortunate son, a victim only of fatality and unfortunate circumstances
which have surrounded him.”
Teodora’s Letter to
Governor General Polavieja
“It is not my intention, Most Excellent Sir, either to censure or question in any
way the legality of the decision of a fair Court, but on account of unfortunate
and fatal circumstances, it has apparently made my unhappy son responsible
for the most infamous of crimes, when in fact he is innocent.”
• Though she doesn’t have authority over Spanish government still up to the
end, she always insisted that her son is innocent from any crimes for we
know that above all else she is the one who knows Jose very well, she
knew what her son has gone through.
2.The Rizal Family hopes against hope that the Spanish Government could
help
“This is a grace that she hopes to obtain from the acknowledged kindness of
the magnanimous heart of Your Excellency, which will be eternally recognized
by the undersigned and her entire family, who will elevate prayers to heaven
that it may preserve your precious life for the welfare and honor of our
Mother Spain and the consolation of mothers.”
• This Rizal document was presented by the Spanish government to the
Philippine government in 1953.
Rizal’s Message of
Farewell
MESSAGE TO FERDINAND MESSAGE TO PACIANO RIZAL
BLUMENTRITT
• Jose chose to spend quiet • Jose Rizal to Paciano Rizal, 29 December
moments in the prison chapel 1896.
after the death penalty was read
aloud. When he was left alone in “It had been four and half years that we
his cell, he turned to writing. He have not seen or spoken or written to each
wrote a letter to his brother other, not, I believe, because of any lack of
affection on my part or on yours, but
Paciano, another to his best friend because knowing each other so well we did
Dr. Ferdinand. not need to speak to understand each
other.
Jose Rizal to F. Blumentritt, 29th
December 1896. Now that I am to die, it is to you I write last
to tell you how sorry I am to leave you
alone in life, bearing all burden of the
“When you receive this letter I shall family and our aged parents.
be dead. I shall be shot tomorrow at
seven o'clock, but I am innocent of I think of how you have worked to give me
the crime of rebellion. I am going to a career, I believe that I tried not to waste
die with a clear conscience. Farewell, my time. My brother, if the fruit has been
my best, my dearest friend, and bitter, it has not been my fault but the fault
never think ill of me. Rizal sent of the circumstances. I know you have
suffered a lot for my sake; I am sorry.
regard to all the Blumentritt family,
and wrote along the margin: "I leave I assure you my brother, that I die innocent
you a book as one last keepsake from of this crime of rebellion. I shall not utterly
me." deny that what I wrote in the past may
have contributed (to the insurrection), but I
• It was an anthology of poems in thought that the past would be expiated
with my deportation.
German which Blumentritt himself
Rizal’s Message of
Farewell
MI ULTIMO ADIOS MESSAGE TO HIS FAMILY
• It is widely assumed that Jose • At 5:30 in the morning of December 30, he
wrote his final poem, Mi Ultimo wrote one letter to his family.
Adios, on December 29, 1896. He “To my Family I beg your forgiveness for the
was able to insert it into an grief I cause you, but one day or another I had
alcohol cooking stove, which he to die, and it is worth more to die today in the
then gave to his sister Trinidad, to fullness of my faculties.
whom he revealed, 'There is Dear parents, brothers, sisters: give thanks to
something in it Jose's final poem, God who has kept me tranquil before my
written without a title and death. I die resigned, hoping that with my
unsigned, was translated into death they will leave you in peace. Ah, it is
English as My Last Farewell by better to die than to live in suffering. Be
Charles E. Derbyshire. consoled.
I commend you to forgive one another the
• On the eve of his execution, Jose little vexations of this life and to try to live in
Rizal wrote a letter to his family to peace and good harmony. Treat your aged
bid them farewell, "I would like to parents as you would wish to be treated
see each one of you before dying, afterwards by your own children. Love them
though it may cost much pain. much, in memory of me. Bury me in the earth,
put a stone on top, and a cross. My name, the
Come the most valiant, I have date of my birth, and that of my death.
some important things to say." Nothing more. If you want to fence in my
grave afterwards, you can do so. But no
• Serenely accepting his tragic fate, anniversary celebrations! I prefer Paang
Bundok!”
he composed his untitled
valedictory poem, which came to Pity poor Josephine.
be known Mi Ultimo Adios. Before
his execution by firing squad on • Paang Bundok, or Foot of the Mountain in
Tagalog, was a common cemetery to the
Rizal’s Message of
Farewell
LETTER TO HIS FATHER MESSAGE TO HIS FAMILY
• He also found time to write to his • For his mother, words seem to
father. 6 a.m. 30th December have failed him. To my much
1896 beloved mother, Sra. Da.
“My most beloved father: Teodora Alonso, at six o'clock in
the morning on the 30th of
Forgive me the sorrow with which I December 1896
repay the anxieties and toil you have
underwent to give me an education. I
did not want this nor expected it.
Farewell, father farewell!”
Execution and
Death
• On December 30, 1896, at 6:30 a.m., José Rizal's execution began with a trumpet blast at
Fort Santiago. He walked calmly, accompanied by his defense counsel and two Jesuit priests,
surrounded by heavily armed soldiers. Dressed in a black suit and hat, his arms were loosely
tied behind his back.
• As José Rizal made his way to Bagumbayan, a slow procession accompanied by muffled
drums and a gathering crowd along the route. He calmly remarked on the beauty of the
morning and noted landmarks like Corregidor and Ateneo College. Upon reaching the
execution site, he bid farewell to his companions after receiving final blessings, but his
request to face the firing squad was denied, as he was ordered to be shot in the back.
• Troops controlled the crowd and cleared a large area for José Rizal's execution, with artillery
ready to suppress any rescue attempts. Despite his brother Paciano joining the insurgents in
Cavite, he discouraged a planned demonstration upon realizing the insurgents were poorly
armed. The firing squad consisted of Filipino soldiers, with better-armed Spaniards
positioned behind them to prevent any refusal to carry out their orders.
• A nearby Spanish military surgeon, intrigued by José Rizal's calm demeanor, asked to feel
his pulse. Rizal complied, twisting his hand to allow the doctor to check his wrist. The
surgeon later reported that Rizal's pulse was steady, showing no signs of fear or excitement.
Execution and
Death
• José Rizal's request to face his executioners was denied, despite his assertion
that he was not a traitor to Spain. While blindfolded and standing erect, he
indicated where the soldiers should aim to hit his heart. After being shot, he
turned and fell face-upward, symbolically ensuring he did not die a traitor's
death, both in form and in fact.
• As José Rizal was executed, the Spanish national anthem, the Cadiz March,
played, highlighting the illegality of his execution under Spanish law. The
event drew crowds who celebrated with cheers, laughter, and applause,
treating it as a social occasion, while onlookers gathered in carriages nearby
to witness the spectacle.
• Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo measured José Rizal's steady pulse, indicating he didn't
fear death. His last words were "Consummatum Est," and he was shot at 7:03
a.m. After falling, he was declared dead three minutes later. His death
brought joy to his enemies, but deep sorrow to his supporters, who viewed
him as a hero and martyr for Philippine independence.
• A dead-wagon from San Juan de
Diós Hospital took Rizal's body

HE AFTER
to Paco Cemetery about an hour
after the shooting.
• Rizal was dressed in a black suit

LIFE
he had purchased for his
European trip, and a derby hat.
• No visitors were allowed into the
cemetery while the interment
was taking place, and for several

NMEMORY
weeks afterward, guards stood
guard over the grave.
• Even the exact location of the
interment was kept secret, but
friends of the family were
among those present at the
burial and dropped into the
grave a marble slab provided by
them, bearing the initials of the
full baptismal name, José
Protasio Rizal, in reversed order.
Thank
You!

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