Progressing into

Geography

Edgar B. Collantes, Ed. D.

EPS, Araling Panlipunan
 OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the session, the participants

should be able to:
A. discuss the critical contents in
Geography across grade level;

B. deepen understanding on the

identified
critical contents using the five
themes
in Geography; and

C. appreciate the role of Geography in

the
effective teaching of Social Studies
 GUIDE QUESTIONS

Why study geography in Araling Panlipunan?

What and how will we learn?

How do we make a successful application in

studying Geography?
 What is
Geography?
 Do you have a

Geography culture?
If so, what does
it include?
What is culture?

 Geography is the
study of the
earth’s physical
and cultural
features.
 These features
include
mountains, rivers,
people, cities, and
countries.
Geography is broken in two parts;
Physical geography and Human geography!
 Why study geography?
You enjoy learning about people and their societies,
economies, cultures and the environment

You enjoy working at the interface between social

sciences, humanities and environmental sciences

You are keen to learn and develop a wide range of

skills

You want to make new friends and visit new places

You want to make a difference to your world!

 Get Ready to Test Your Knowledge of
Famous Landforms / Landmarks Around
the WORLD!!!

The Grand
Canyon
Mt. Everest

Old Faithful
Geyser

Hawaiian
Islands
Eiffel Tower Kremlin
in France in Russia

Great Wall
in China

Red Square w/ the

St. Basil Cathedral
in Russia
 Machu
Picchu in
Peru

Leaning
Tower in
Pisa, Italy

Statue of
Taj Mahal
in India
Liberty
in USA
 Great
Pyramid of
Giza, Egypt

Sphinx in
Egypt

Moai in
Eatern
Island, Chile

Sydney
Opera House
& Harbour
Bridge
Identify the boundaries between continents in the world.

1. Between Europe and Asia?

(Ural Mountains)
2. Between Asia and Africa?
(Suez Canal)
3. Between North America and South America?
(Panama Canal)
4. Between Africa, Europe and Asia?
(Mediterranean Sea)
5. Between Europe and North America?
(Artic Ocean)
6. Between North America and Europe?
(Atlantic Ocean)
7. Between Asia and North America
(North Pacific Ocean)
What is a geographer?

 Someone who
analyzes the
Earth from
many points
of view.

OwlTeacher.com
 The Five Themes of
Geography
There are five ways to look at the earth.
When geographers work, they are guided by
two basic questions:
1. Where are things located?
2. Why are they there?

To find these answers, geographers use five

themes to organize information

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.com
Things that geographers
study:
 oceans
 plant life
 landforms
 people
 how the Earth and its people
affect each other
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.com
 FIVE THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

1. Where is the place?

2. What are the features / characteristics of

an area?

3. How is a place similar to and different

from other places?

4. How are people and areas connected?

5. How do human beings and the

environment relate with one another?
 The Five Themes:
1) Location – Geographers begin to study a
place by finding where it is, or its
location.

2) Place – Geographers study the physical

and human features of a location.

3) Human-Environment Interaction –
Geographers study how people affect or
shape physical characteristics of their
natural surroundings and how does their
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.com
4) Movement – Helps explain how people,
goods, and ideas get from one place to
another.

5) Regions – Geographers compare the

climate, land, population, or history of
one place to another.

OwlTeacher
.com
Location

 There are two ways to think

about location:
1. absolute location – describes
the place’s exact position on the
Earth.
2. relative location – explains
where a place is by describing
places near it.

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.com
 The Geographer’s Tools
 Globes and Maps:
 As people explored the Earth, they
collected information about it.
 Mapmakers wanted to present this
information correctly.
 The best way was to put it on a
globe, a round ball that
represented the Earth.
OwlTeacher
.com
 Seeing the World

Two ways of seeing Earth

 Maps
 Globes / Atlas

globe maps
 There are two
important aspects in
a map and globe?

 Land
 Water
 Land

 Continents
 Are large pieces of land
 There are six separate pieces of land in a map
 However, we have 7 continents
 We separate one continent into two
 Asia and Europe
Map
 Seven Continents

 North America
 South America
 Africa
 Asia
 Australia
 Antarctica
 Europe
Water

 Oceans
 Large bodies of
water
 Are divided
 There are four
oceans
 Oceans
 The four oceans:
 Pacific Ocean
 Atlantic Ocean
 Indian Ocean
 Southern Ocean
 Artic Ocean

Can Maps Tell More Information?

 There are imaginary lines in the Earth’s surface.

 Called latitude and longitude
 There are three types
 Equator
 Tropic of Cancer
 Tropic of Capricorn
 Latitude and Longitude

 These imaginary lines run horizontally or vertically

 Latitude lines run horizontally from east to west.
 Longitude lines run vertically, north to south.
 Degrees

 There are degrees appointed to the lines.

 The degrees are numbers that help pilots and ship’s
captain navigate across the sky and ocean without
getting lost.
 These numbers tell us a specific location.
 Location of the Equator

 What is the equator?

 It divides the Earth into two halves.
 The Northern Hemisphere
 Southern Hemisphere
 What is the Tropic of
Cancer and Capricorn?
 Tropic of Cancer  Tropic of
 Based on the Capricorn
sun’s position in  Based on the
relation to the sun’s position in
earth at 2 points relation to the
of the year. earth at 2 points
 First on June 21 of the year.
(summer)  First on June 21
 Second on (winter)
December 21  Second on
(winter) December 21
(summer)
The Tropic
of Cancer
The Tropic
of
Capricorn
Getting It All On the Map
The World: Mercator Projection • In 1569, a geographer
named Gerardus Mercator
created a flat map to help
sailors navigate long
journeys across the globe.
• The Mercator projection, or
method of putting a map of
the Earth onto a flat piece of
paper, is used by nearly all
deep-sea navigators.
• The Mercator projection is a
conformal map, meaning
that it shows correct
shapes, but not true
distances or sizes.
• There are many types of
other projections OwlTeacher
of the
globe. .com
The World: Three Projections
Interrupted Projection There are many ways to
show a globe on a flat map.
The interrupted projection
map, on the left, shows real
sizes and shapes of
continents. The equal area
map , below left, shows size
accurately.
Peters Projection The Peters
Equal-Area Projection projection, below, shows
land and oceans areas and
correct directions
accurately

OwlTeacher
.com
The World: A Robinson Projection

ARCTIC
OCEAN

OwlTeacher
.com
The Parts of a Map

Compass Rose
 A compass rose is a model of a
compass. It tells the cardinal directions,
which are north, south, east, and west.
Scale
 The scale on a map tells you the
relative distance on the map to the real
world. For example, a map’s scale may
tell you that one inch on the map
equals one mile in the real world.
OwlTeacher
.com
Key
 The key, or legend, on a map explains
what the symbols on a map represent,
such as triangles representing trees.
Grids
 Some maps use a grid of parallels and
meridians. On a map of a small area,
letters and numbers are often used to
help you find your location.

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How Latitude and Longitude
Form the Global Grid

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.com
The Hemispheres

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.com
 Time Zones
 The world is divided into 24 time zones.
 Approximately how many degrees of
longitude divide each time zone?
 Hint: The world is divided into 360⁰.
 Ans: approximately 15⁰ per time zone
Meet the Map
The
Prime
Meridian
is 0⁰
longitud
e
 Meet the Map
The
Prime
Meridian
is 0⁰
The longitude
International
Date Line is
180⁰
longitude
 Meet the Map
The
Prime
Meridian
is 0⁰
The longitude
International
Date Line is
180⁰
longitude
Color coded
time zones
 What happens
when you travel
across the
International Date
Line?
Gain a Day What happens
when you travel
across the
International Date
Line?
 Gain a Day What happens
when you travel
across the
International Date
Line?

Skip a Day
2
If it is 2 pm on
Tuesday in New
York, what day and
time it is in Los
Angeles?
2
If it is 2 pm on
Tuesday in New
York, what day and
time it is in Los
Angeles?
 Gain a Day
If it is 9:00 am on Friday in
LA, what day and time is it
in Sydney?

Skip a Day
 Gain a Day
If it is 9:00 am on Friday in
LA, what day and time is it
in Sydney?

Hint: Add 18 hours

Skip a Day
 Gain a Day
If it is 9:00 am on Friday in
LA, what day and time is it
in Sydney?

Hint: Add 18 hours

Skip a Day Ans: 2:00 am on

Saturday
 Gain a Day
If it is 6:00 pm on Saturday
in Sydney, what day and
time is it in Rome – if you
travel west?

Skip a Day
 Gain a Day
If it is 6:00 pm on Saturday
in Sydney, what day and
time is it in Rome?

Skip a Day Ans: It is 10:00 am on

Saturday
 Gain a Day
If it is 6:00 pm on Saturday
in Sydney, what day and
time is it in Rome?

Skip a Day It is 10:00 am on

Saturday

What day and time if

you travel east from
Sydney to Rome?
 Gain a Day
If it is 6:00 pm on Saturday
in Sydney, what day and
time is it in Rome?

Skip a Day Ans: Same time!

What day and time if

you travel east from
Sydney to Rome?
 If your 10 hour flight
9 departs Rome at 9:00
am on Sunday, what
day and time will it be
when you land in
Denver?
 If your 10 hour flight
An departs Rome at 9:00
am on Sunday, what
day and time will it be
when you land in
Denver?

Hint: add the change

in time zones to the
time for the flight
 If your 10 hour flight
An departs Rome at 9:00
am on Sunday, what
day and time will it be
when you land in
Denver?

Hint: add the change

in time zones to the
time for the flight

Ans: 11:00 am on
Sunday
 Gain a Day
If it is 7:00 am on
Tuesday in Japan,
what day and time
will it be in Chicago?

Skip a Day
 Gain a Day
If it is 7:00 am on
Tuesday in Japan,
what day and time
will it be in Chicago?

Skip a Day Ans: 10:00 pm on

Monday
 RELATIVE LOCATION

Explains where something is in relation

to another.
A. Cardinal direction (North, South, East
and West)
B. Next to, Down from
 2. PLACE
• This theme considers the characteristics
that make one place different from all
places on Earth.
• It describes what a location looks like.
• Place is describe according to
PHYSICAL and HUMAN Characteristic.
 A. PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTIC
• Include anything that is native made from
geological, hydrological, atmospheric and
biological process.
A. Landforms
B. Bodies of water
C. Trees, shrubs
D. Rocks
 B. HUMAN CHARACTERISTIC

Include anything that is human made.

(Building, roads, cars.. ) . It comes from
human ideas and actions (Human culture,
language, customs…)
 3. HUMAN/ENVIRONMENTAL
INTERACTION

• How people interact with the

environment.
• People interact in three ways:
MODIFY, ADAPT and DEPEND.
Physical Geography: Climate

 Climate is the
pattern of weather
conditions in a
certain area over a
long period of
time.
 Weather, however,
is the conditions at
a specific time
and
It is below freezing today. place.
My city has cold winters. I’m talking about its ________.
I’m talking about the _______.
Fill in the
blanks!
 Climate vs. Weather

• Climate is the long-term weather patterns of a

place.

• Weather describes what the atmosphere is like at

a given time and place.

• Scientists find the climate of an area by averaging

weather conditions over 30 years or more.
 Hot, Cold, and Medium
• A climate zone is an area that has similar
average temperatures and precipitation
throughout.

• Three of Earth’s climate zones are tropical,

temperate, and polar.
 Hot, Cold, and Medium
• The tropical, temperate, and polar climate zones
are based on distance from the equator.

• The equator is the imaginary line that divides

Earth into its northern and southern hemispheres,
or halves.

• An area’s latitude, or distance from the equator,

determines what climate zone it is in.
 Hot, Cold, and Medium
• Tropical climates are found near the equator.

• The sun is directly overhead nearly all year. As a

result, the area gets a lot of direct heat.

• Temperatures in tropical climates are typically

greater than 18 °C.

• Tropical climates get different amounts of

precipitation.
 Hot, Cold, and Medium
• Temperate climates are found in the middle
latitudes.

• For most of the year, a temperate climate has

temperatures between 10 °C and 18 °C.

• Most temperate climates have four seasons.

• Temperate climates get different amounts of

precipitation.
 Hot, Cold, and Medium
• Polar climates are farthest from the equator. They
are found near Earth’s poles.

• Polar climates get little precipitation. They are

covered in snow and ice year-round.

• Temperatures in polar climates are typically less

than 10 °C.
 Hot, Cold, and Medium
• Identify the tropical, temperature, and polar
climate zones on the map below.
 Why Climates Differ
• Distance from the equator, elevation, closeness to
bodies of water, and landforms affect climate.

• Locations near the equator are warm, but high

elevations can make the climate cooler.

• Snowy mountaintops can be found in tropical

places because of elevation.
 Why Climates Differ
• Water heats up and cools down more slowly than
land does.

• Places near the coast are often cooler in summer

and warmer in winter than places far away from
the ocean.

• The Gulf Stream is a current of warm ocean water

that affects the climate in North America and
Europe.
 Why Climates Differ
• A rain-shadow effect can happen when wet air
rises and falls on the ocean side of a mountain,
creating a wet climate.

• As the air moves down the other side of the

mountain, it is dry. This creates a dry climate, or
rain shadow.
 Why Climates Differ
• Describe the type of climate that occurs on each
side of the mountain in the diagram below.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

 Climate and the Environment
• Climate affects where organisms can live.

• Climate affects the nonliving parts of the

environment.

• Rain, wind, temperature, and other factors can

affect the land surfaces and the types of
organisms that can live in the area.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

 Desert
• A desert is a dry environment with temperatures
that vary greatly.

• Living things in deserts need to be able to survive

with little water.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

 Swamps
• Swamps can be fresh water, salt water, or both.

• Swamps occur in places where the ground cannot

soak in all the water that reaches the area.

• Temperatures can be very high in swamps for part

of the year.
 Tropical Rain Forests
• Tropical rain forests are found in warm, wet
climates.

• The amount of sunlight in tropical rain forests is

nearly the same year-round.

• Vegetation covers most of the land in tropical rain

forests.
Physical Geography : Environment

 An environment
includes all living
and nonliving things
that affect human
life in an area.
 Environment
includes climate,
land, water, plants,
soil,
Talk and animals.
to you neighbor about how
water, climate, and soil affect
humans.
 Human Geography

 Human
geographers
study humans
and their cultures.
 Human
geographers also
study how the
This is a picture of the
environment
Dogon people of Mali.
affects
What people.
are the two main branches
of geography?
 Other Questions Human
Geographers Might Research…

What kind
What religions of work
do people do people
practice? How do people
who live in deserts do?
survive? How do they
get their
food?

Why do some
diseases
spread easily
With your neighbor, answer one in some
of these questions about your environments
environment. and not others?
 MODIFY

• Means that human change the

environment.
• Humans modify the natural environment
to meet their needs
1. Build house
2. Dam, cut trees
 ADAPT

• Means humans change their life to live/

survive in the environment.
1. Air-conditioning, heat
2. Sunglasses
 DEPEND

• Human rely on the environment for their

basic needs
1. fishing, crops
2. oxygen
 4. MOVEMENT

• How people, goods and ideas move

between places.
• Movement has 3 spatial interaction:
Movements of GOODS, PEOPLE &
IDEAS.
• Movement of Goods
1. truck, ship
2. plane, train
• Movement of People
1. bus, car
2. walking, bike
• Movement of Ideas
1. internet, e-mail
2. phone, letters
 5. REGION

• The basic unit of geographic study.

• It is defined as an area that has unifying
characteristics (two or more places)
• There are 2 types of region: PHYSICAL
& POLITICAL Regions
• Physical Region
1. Desserts
2. Mountains
3. Lakes
4. Rivers
• Political Region
1. States
2. Countries
 Regions Regions are basically
ways geographers organize
land or people into
different
pieces.

 A region is an area with

one or more features
that make it different
from surrounding areas.
 Regions can have
different climates,
physical features,
different languages
spoken by humans, and
even different religions
practiced by humans. Can you think of any other
Regions, or ways geographers
Might organize land/people?
Resources
 Resources are
materials found in
the earth that
people need and
value.
 Some early times
essential
resources included
water, animals,
and stones.
An area’s resources has a huge affect on whether or not
people choose to live in a particular area.