Power Plant Chemistry

Power Plant Chemistry First
Module
Prepared By : -
Umar Farooq
Senior Chemist NOMAC
MSC ( Chemistry ) MBA ( Marketing )
SIWEP Shuaibah Jeddah

Saudi Arabia
Power Plant Chemistry
Part 1
Basic Chemistry
Fundamental of Heat , Heat Transfer
Water Chemistry , Type of Hardness
External Water Treatment
Water Softening , Demineralization
Part 2
Steam Water Cycle System

Steam Generator ( Boiler )
Parts of Boiler
Boiler Ex auxiliaries
Turbine & Generator
Main Objective
At the end of the respective training course, the participants
will be able to:
Identify the chemical Hazards & how to handle chemical material
safely.
Now the foundations of Water Quality Control to avoid the scale
corrosion and biological growth in the Power plant system, and to
operate the mentioned at max performance.
Understand the troubleshooting events to the plant chemistry
system.
Vision
Water Quality Control will lead all to understand the limitations and
international standards as well as increasing the plant availability.
Occupational health will maintain within high standards, zero incident.
Operational process will maintain highly performance due to plant
chemistry
troubleshooting.
Umar Farooq Senior Chemist
NOMAC SIWEP Shuaibah
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Basic Chemistry
Chemistry Branch of science which deals with properties

composition and structure of mater.
Matter Any species having weight or mass and occupies space is

called matter. The mater exist in three state ,solids ,liquid & gases
Substance Any matter which has uniform composition through

out.eg: gold , silver ,water is called substance.
Atom The smallest particle of the element which can not exist in
free state but can take part in chemical reaction.
Molecule Tow or more than two atoms that combine chemically
together to form a molecule.
Element Pure substance in which all the atoms are same alike eg:
Iron , Cupper , Silver , Sodium . It cannot be decomposed by the
chemical action to a simpler substance.
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Basic Chemistry
Ion Charge particle are known as ions

Cat ion Ions which move to cathode
An ion Ions which move to anode
Cathode Electrode having ve Charge
Anode Electrode having +ve Charge
Electrolysis ( Lyses = Analysis ) Electrolysis is the motion of cat
ion and anion to words respective electrodes. It is accompanied by
all chemical changes under the influence of electrical field in
aqueous solution
Hydrolysis Decomposition of water into H+ and OH- Ions

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Basic Chemistry
Mixture It is simply the combination of two or more than two

elements which retain their properties
Compound Chemical combination of two or more elements

combine together chemical reaction takes place is called compound
Valences The combining power of one element to another element

is called valences.
Atomic weight Total number of proton and neutron in an atom is

called atomic weight
Atomic Number The number of proton which are present in

nucleus of an atom is called atomic number.
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Fundamental of Heat
Heat It is common form of energy .Heat added to a body makes it

hotter removing heat cools it . Heat energy can be turned into
mechanical energy to do work.
Temperature It describes the degree of hotness or coldness of

body .It has two units centigrade and Fahrenheit scale. Conversion
Formula C/5=F-32/9
Calorie It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of

1 g of H2O through 1C*
B.T.U It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of

1Lb of H2O through 1F*.
C.H.U It is standard abbreviation of centigrade heat unit.
Sensible Heat: The heat shown by the thermometer or the heat

which sense the temperature.

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Fundamental of Heat
Latent Heat: The heat added or taken into produce a change in

state with out any change in temperature.
Latent heat of evaporation: The amount of heat which is added

for the evaporation of liquid is called latent heat of evaporation
Latent heat of vaporization: The amount of heat required to

vaporize 1Lb of water to steam at 14.7psi at 212C* is termed as
latent heat of vaporization.
Latent heat of fusion: It is the amount of heat required to melt 1g

of ice into water at 0C* or 32 F*.
Latent heat of condensation: The amount of heat taken to

condense 1 Lb of steam into water at 14.7psi and 212 F*
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Heat Transfer
Heat always flows from a warm area to cool area .ie from hot body
to cold body This is accomplished in three ways.
Conduction: In this method heat energy is conducted

through a substance or metal or transferred from one
place to another place or from molecule to molecule .
The amount of heat that will pass through a given
material depends on conductivity of material.
Convection: In this method heat energy is transmitted

from hot to cold body by movement of conveying subs:
(medium).In side boiler ,furnace the conveying
substance is the gases of combustion . In this case the
hot body is flue gases the cold body is boiler tubes, air
pre heater or any things else having a lower temperature
in the flue gas path.
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Heat Transfer
Radiation In this method heat energy is transfer from

one place to another place with out the help of any
medium. Heat is transferred directly by heater radiation
that require no intermedium.eg heat of sun rating to the
earth.
Saturated ( wet ) Steam Steam containing maximum

water vapors that it can steam is said to be saturated.
When it temperature is the same as that of boiling water
at pressure eg. At 14.7psi water boiled at 212F* and the
saturated steam temperature is 212 F*.
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Heat Transfer
Super heated steam ( Dry Steam )

The steam having temperature higher than its
saturation temperature. The addition of heat to saturated
steam increase its temperature or sensible heat. The
increase in sensible heat above saturation temperature
is called super heated steam.
If saturated steam at 1500psi and 569.23F* is
heated to 950F* with pressure remaining constant the
amount of super heated is 950-596.23=353.77F*
Un like saturated steam a loss of heat from
superheated steam result is reaction in temperature.
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Water Chemistry
Water is an excellent solvent and dissolve to varying

degree. any thing it comes into contact with it.
Water born impurities

Water contains some impurities which are
Dissolved inorganic compound
Bi Carbonate, Carbonates, Sulphate , nitrates , Chlorides of
calcium , magnesium ,sodium and potassium , inorganic
Suspended materials, like clay, silt ,sand , soil and metal
oxides, These can not be remove by filtration.
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Water Chemistry
Dissolve Organic Compound
Humic acid , fulvic acid , tannin
insoluble matter such as dead
bacteria and other biological
products
Dissolve gasses
Such as oxygen , nitrogen ,
carbon dioxide , sulpher
dioxide , ammonia , and
hydrogen sulphide absorbed
from atmosphere and solid
surface
Micro Organism
Such as bacteria algae and fungi

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Marine Ecology Survey Conduct by WSP Auditor

The weather conditions in the morning for the
control site were characterized by an 8 km/h easterly
wind, with the air temperature recorded to be 26 C, and
seawater temperature to be 31 C at the
surface and 30 C at depth. The underwater visibility was
good, estimated to be 10-15 meters.
The plume of turbid and warm water from the
outfall seems to have contributed to coral death on the
reef, and therefore no live hard coral was observed.
The overall area supports some surgeonfishes
(Acanthuridae), which graze on the benthic algae.
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Marine Ecology Survey Conduct By WSP Auditor

At Shuaibah Sea
Blue green Chromes
Pale Damselfish Amblyglyphidodon
Acanthuruse Sohal Surgeonfish and Turf Algea

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Humbug Dascyllus
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Why Water is Unique
Water is only substance that exist in form of solid , liquid

and steam
Specific heat
= 1calorie/gram
It expand
= 1600 time
Three Isotopes
= H , D2O , T2O
Heat of fusion
= 144Btu / Lbs
Heat of vaporization = 980 Btu / Lbs
Freezing Expand
= 1/9
Depending upon pressure ,its boil with in the
temperature
= 35-704F*
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Properties of Water
It is chemical compound expressed by the formula H2O.
It is formed by two item of hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen
Due to different electro negativities of hydrogen and
oxygen.H20 Molecule is electrically charged .
When the other molecule combine with it then will be
formed hydrogen bonding
Water is the best solvent .
It dissolved different substance
In it and the process of dissolving
Is desolation

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Model of hydrogen bonds

Between modules
of water
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Sea Water Impurities
It is store house of impurities

It contain 3.6% by weight of solids.
Normally 75% impurities of sea water are Br, I , So4 ,
and Ca ,Mg , K , etc.
Cat ion and Anion Salts in Sea water
Cations
Anions
Calcium
Ca++
Bicarbonate (HCO3-),
Magnesium
Mg+ +
Carbonate
Sodium
Na+
Sulfate
SO 42-
Iron
Aluminum
Fe2+ (ferrous)
AI3+
Chloride
Nitrate
Cl NO 3-
Potassium
Umar
K+ Farooq Senior Chemist
Fluoride
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(CO32-),
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Types of Hardness
Temporary Hardness ( Alkaline Hardness )
It is due to presence of bicarbonates of calcium

and magnesium in water , also called carbonate
hardness. It can be removed by boiling and
pretreatment process
Permanent Hardness(Non Alkaline Hardness )
It is due to presence of chlorides , sulphate and

nitrate of calcium and magnesium , it can be
remove by ion exchange and desalination
process
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RELATIVE SETTLING VELOCITIES OF SAND

and SILT PARTICLES IN STILL WATER
Particle Diameter, mm
10.0
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
Order of Magnitude
Time Required to Settle 1 Foot
Gravel
0.3 Seconds
Coarse Sand
3 Seconds
Fine Sand
38 Seconds
Silt
33 Minutes
Bacteria
35 Hours
Clay Particles
230 Days
Colloidal Particles
63 Years
SIWEP NOMAC
21

It
is the removal of impurities from water

out side the ( Condenser ) in power plant
because raw water taken from the river or
sea contain a large number of impurities
with respect to surrounding ,so it is very
necessary to make cleaned and purify the
water before it entrance to wards
( Condenser boiler )
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Practically all surface water contain small

amount of mud, clay ,silt ,decayed, vegetation,
Micro Organisms etc.
To obtain required quantity of water
various techniques are applied Such as
Clarification ,Filtration ,Evaporation ,Softening,
Desalination (MSF & RO ) , Ion Exchange , De
Aeration , Aeration
Note: External water treatment for Pretreatment System and RO

System already discussed in earlier training module
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What is RO Desalination
Reverse
osmosis is a membrane process

where salty source water is supplied under
pressure to a semi-permeable membrane
resulting in the passage of fresh
water through the membrane while the
membrane prevents the passage of the
dissolved minerals leaving them in the
concentrated brine.
SIWEP NOMAC
24
Polymer
Anti Scalant
Coagulant
Anti scalant
Acid
1st pass R O
Caustic soda
S MBS
Cartridge
filter
H P Pump
DMF
Booster Pump
Seawater supply Pump
Back wash
ERD
Out fall
Backwash water
Tank
To SWCC Shuaibah II
Storage Tank
Potabilisation

PermeateNOMACPermeate Tank
SIWEP
Transfer pump
25
2 nd pass R O
2 nd pass
Feed pump
What is MSF Desalination
Multi-stage flash
distillation (MSF) is a
water desalination
process that distill sea
water by flashing a
portion of the water into
steam in multiple stages
of what are essentially
counter current heat
exchangers .Multi-stage
flash distillation plants
produce 85% of all
desalinated water in the
world
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MSF Desalination Process

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Water Softening
The
process by which Ca ++ and Mg ++ ion

removed from water is known as water
softening. There are two method is used
Lime soda softening or precipitation
method
Ion exchange method
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Lime soda softening

It is the process by which calcium and magnesium salt that cause
hardness in H2O are chemically precipitated and removed by
treatment with lime and soda ash .
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca ( OH)
Mg(OH )2 + 2CaCO3+2H2O
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)
2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Soluble
Insoluble
Most of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 from a sludge can be removed by
settling and filtration. So lime can be used for removal of temporary
hardness
MgSO4 + 2Ca ( OH)
Mg(OH )2 + 2CaSO4
MgCl2 + 2Ca ( OH)
Mg(OH )2 + 2CaCl2
The soluble CaSO4 and CaCl2 are produced and contribute non
carbonated hardness There must be removed to attain complete
softening of water

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This is done by treating soluble salt of Ca SO4 and CaCl2 with soda
ash ( Na2Co3).when these salt are precipitated as insoluble
carbonate.
CaSO4+Na2CO3
CaCO3+ NaSO4
CaCl2+Na2CO3
CaCO3+ NaCl
Insoluble
Soluble
CaCO3 formed is precipitated as sludge the resulting NaSO4 and NaCl
are highly soluble non scale forming
Use of Coagulant in lime soda process
Coagulant serve to agglomerate the particles in softening process
They speed up settling of sludge
Sodium Aluminates has a special advantage as a coagulant in lime
soda softening .practically in reducing magnesium .
Effective use of coagulant to remove silica in the softening process.

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Advantage of Lime soda Softening
Main advantage is reduction of hardness alkalinity TDS

and Silica
Prior Clarification of water in not usually necessary
Reduction of TDS can decrease the conductivity of feed
water, there by decreasing blow down and conserving
heat.
Energy can be saved because of solid reduction in hot
process
With hot process lime soda softening removal of oxygen
and CO2 can be achieved up to same extent
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Disadvantage of Lime soda Softening

The
main disadvantage is that while

hardness is remove it is not completely
finished.
Since this process involves adjusting the
amount of lime and soda ash being feed
there fore wide variation in water
composition and flow rate also make
control of this method difficult.
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Ion Exchange Zeolite Softening

(Na2Al2Sio2O8.XH2O)
Zeolite softening consist of passing water through a bed of material

that possess the property of removing calcium and magnesium from
water and replacing these ion with sodium or potassium. The
exchange takes place rapidly, so that hard water is passing through
Zeolite bed can be almost completely softened ,regardless of
variation in solution, bicarbonates, sulfate , chlorides etc.
Considering only chloride as an example ,for the sake of simplicity

the softening reaction are.
Na2Z+CaCl2
CaZ+ 2NaCl2
Na2Z+MgCl2
MgZ+ 2NaCl2
Material usually applied for this purpose can be naturally occurring
Zeolite I.e. green sand , sulfonated coal or alumina silicate or
synthetic resin based on poly styrene or polyacryllates.

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Advantage of Na2Z Softening

Softened
water has low scaling tendency

Operation is simple and reliable
Regeneration is easy to handle
Waste disposal is not a problem
Softener's are easily available and efficient
Variation in water flow rate up to large
extent have not effect on treated water
quality
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Disadvantage of Na2Z Softening
Softening process has no effect upon alkalinity.

Turbidity and the presence of iron and aluminum
can be deter mental for the ion exchanger.
Strong oxidizing agent like chlorine present in
the water will attack the resin.
At higher pressure and temperature the
exchange capacity of resin is effected.
Zeolite material is unstable in high acidic and
alkaline media
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Demineralization
Removal of all kind of ion from water by ion exchange is

called demineralization. Any salt dissolved in water
consist of two types of ions, +Ve ion called cat ion and
-Ve ion's called anion . In demineralization process cat
ion and anion present in water are removed one after
other by organic ion exchange resin
The organic resin's are of four types
Weak Cat ion resin R-COOH Carboxylic group
Strong Cat ion resin R-HSO3 Sulphonic group
Weak anion resin
R-NH2OH Phenolic hydroxyl group
Strong anion resin R-NH3OH Amino group
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Demineralization
Demineralization or Deionization is the process of removing mineral salts
from water by using the ion exchange process.
Resin is composed of high-molecular-weight polyelectrolyte's that can
exchange their mobile ions for ions of similar charge from the surrounding
medium.
Cation exchange resins will release Hydrogen (H+) ions.

Anion exchange resins will release hydroxyl (OH-) ions.
37
Ion exchange material
Ion exchange material are either natural or

synthetic. The natural ion exchangers are
termed as Zeolite e.g. green sand aluminous
silicate and sulphonated coal. These can be
regenerated by NaCl solution and are used for
the removal of hardness from water.
Synthetic resins are polymer and co-polymers of
organic compounds like phenol, aldehydes,
styrene's and vinyl derivatives. They differ in
properties due to difference polar group.
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Cat ion Exchangers
Weak Cat ion

This filter bed removers cat ion of salt of weak
acids from water in the following manner e.g.
2RCOO.H + CaSiO3
(RCOO)2 Ca+H2SiO3
2RCOO.H + Ca(HCO3)2
(RCOO)2 Ca+2H2CO3
2RCOO.H + CaCO3
(RCOO)2 Ca+H2CO3
2RCOO.H + Mg(HCO3)2
(RCOO)2 Mg+2H2CO3
2RCOO.H + MgCO3
(RCOO)2 Mg+H2CO3
2RCOO.H + NaHCO3
(RCOO)2 Na+H2CO3
2RCOO.H + NaCO3
(RCOO)2 Na+H2CO3
The water at the outlet of weak cat ion exchanger contain weak acids

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Weak Cat ion Regeneration

Normally
2% HCl is passed through bed

for half hour .All cat ions that had bed
absorbed by resins during normal service
operation are replaced by H + ion of acid
and soluble chlorides produced in the
process of regeneration are drained to
waste
(RCOO)2 Ca + HCl
Exhausted Resin
2RCOOH+CaCl2
Regenerated Resin

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Cat ion Exchangers

Strong Cat ion
A regenerated
strong cat ion resins has

sulphonic functional group (-HSO3) and
removes cat ion of both weak and strong
salts of acids from water as given below.
2RSO3.H + CaSO4
2RSO3.H + CaCl2
2RSO3.H + Ca(NO3)2
2RSO3.H + Ca(HCO3)2
(RSO3)2 Ca+H2SO4
(RSO3)2 Ca+2HCl
(RSO3)2 Ca+2HNO3
(RSO3)2 Ca+2H2CO3
Strong Acid
Weak Acid
The water at the outlet of strong cat ion exchanger cat

ion strong acids ( HCl , H2SO4 , & HNO3 )
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Cause of Strong Cat ion Exhaust

When strong cat ion filter bed exhausted . It has no H + ion to
exchange with the cat ion (Ca++,Mg+ +,Na+) These cat ion escape in
outlet water. In absence of H + ion . The conductivity of effluent water
decreases and pH is increases , Because H + ion are lightest of all
NaCl escape unchanged form 2nd stage to 3rd stage filter and are
release as NaOH in water
RNH2OH+NaCl
RNH2Cl+NaOH
When weak anion filter is exhausted the conductivity

of effluent water increases stately but when strong cat ion resin gets
exhausted. The conductivity of effluent water of weak anion filter
more repaid. It is due to the formation of NaOH is 3rd stage filter by
leaking of Na+ from strong cat ion filter.
Acid Treatment
Fresh 7% HCl solution prepared in deionized water is passed
through the filter almost 40 minute
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Anion Exchanger
Weak anion
A regenerated weak anion resin which has amino (-NH2) functional

group will remove all the anions of strong acid from water.
RNH2.OH + HCl
RNH2Cl +H2O
RNH2.OH + H2SO4
(RNH2)2SO4 +H2O
RNH2.OH + HNO3
RNH2NO3 +H2O
The water at the outlet of weak anion exchanger will contain only
anion of weak acid . If any e.g. CO32- , SiO32- in the form of H2CO3
and H2SiO3
Alkali Treatment
Fresh 3% NaOH solution prepaired in deionized water is passed
through the filter almost 70 minute
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Anion Exchanger
Strong anion
This filter remove anion of both weak acids and strong acids.
2RNH3.OH + H2CO3
(RNH3)2CO3 +2H2O
2RNH3.OH + H2SiO3
(RNH3)2SiO3 +2H2O
2RNH3.OH + HCl
RNH3Cl +H2O
2RNH3.OH + H2SO4
(RNH3)2SO4 +2H2O
Alkali Treatment
4% NaOH is used pass the alkali through the filter for one hour. This
filter is stopped for regeneration when SiO2 content increasing
trend.

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Mix Bed Filter
The filter bed contain strong cat ion The cat ion and
anion resin are so intimately mixed that water following
through the bed may be considered to have
comes across a large number of small strong cat ion and
strong anion beds. The water at the outlet of mix bed is
of higher quality purity and its conductivity may be low as
0.5 s/cm.
Increase in silica content of effluent water
of the mixed bed is a signal of exhaustion of strong anion
resin and increase of conductivity means exhaustion of
cat ion resin.
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Short Brake

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Steam Water Cycle System
The Circulation of water from condenser to boiler is

called water cycle from boiler to turbine and then again
in condenser is called steam cycle collectively it is called
steam water cycle . All the equipment of this system are
explained below.
Condenser:
It is a large hollow box rows of small tubes
are installed in Cold water passes through these tubes ,
steam condense outside these tubes and collected in hot
well which is at the bottom of condenser.
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Condenser

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Condenser
While
converting steam into water a

vacuum is also created in the condenser
which make the turbine operation more
efficient because pressure of exhaust
steam is reduced by condensation than
reason flow of steam will increase the
cover this pressure and this process help
to move the turbine more fast.
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Surface
type condenser
In this type cooling water is inside the tube while

steam is outside the tubes.
Contact
type Condenser
In this type of condenser condensation takes place

by direct contact i.e. exhausted steam and
cooling water are mixed together.
Condenser
pumps
These pumps takes condensed water from hot well

and give to the main condensate line .
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Steam jet air Ejector
Since condenser operates under vacuum , small

quantity air comes from joint of the condenser ,
exhausted steam also contains non
condensable gases which are coming from
turbine sealing drains into condenser , this air
will cause the condenser to become air bond.
Air in the condenser will cause a
loss of vacuum and decrease the cooling of
exhaust steam . To eliminate this problem. There
is an instrument which is attached to the
condenser to remove air and ensure vacuum .
This instrumentUmar
are
called steam jet air ejector.
Farooq Senior Chemist
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Steam jet air Ejector

Vacuum
of condenser may drop due to

following reason.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
By increasing the temperature of cooling water

By decreasing the flow of cooling water .
An increasing in level of S.J.A.E.
Reducing pressure of ejector operating steam.
By increasing level of condenser from it normal stage
Leakage of diaphragm .
Over loading of condenser.
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Dearator and Feed Tank
There are two type of dearator
Spray Type
2) Tray Type.
1)
The working principle of both dearator are same , but

there is difference of design. The spray type dearator are
only used in marine ship.
In power plant house after last heater condensate
water is taken spray type dearator .which removed
dissolved gases like O2,CO2,N2,NH3 from condensate
water.
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Dearator and Feed Tank
Water temperature ( 145 C* ) Comes downward

init a no: of perforated plates and steam
temperature ( 150 C* ) goes to the up ward
direction. So it contact with the water , which is
in form of droplets. Steam heated due to high
temperature gases expands and the solubility
decrease. This mixture is removed from the top
of the dearator which is filled at the bottom of the
Dearator called feed tank.
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Boiler are built in verity of sizes

shapes and form to fulfill the
conditions of different kinds of
plants.
Generally boilers are
classified into two groups.
Fire tube Boiler
Fire tube boiler are those in

which hot combustion products
pass through the tube heat is
transferred to water which
surrounding the tubes.

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Advantages of fire tube boilers are

1)Low
cost
as follows
2)Fluctuations of steam demand can be met easily
3)It is compact in size.
Water tube boilers are classified as
1. Horizontal straight tube boilers
(a) Longitudinal drum (b) Cross-drum.
2. Bent tube boilers
(a) Two drum (b) Three drum
(c) Low head three drum (d) Four drum.
3. Cyclone fired boilers
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Advantages of fire tube boilers are

According
to position of furnace.
as follows
(i)
Internally fired (ii) Externally fired
()In
internally fired boilers the grate combustion chamber

are enclosed within the boiler shell
()whereas in case of extremely fired boilers and furnace
and grate are separated from the boiler shell.
According to the position of principle axis.
(i) Vertical (ii) Horizontal (iii) Inclined.

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Water tube boiler
Water tubes boiler are those in which

products of combustion pass ( through )
around the tubes containing water.
Classification of Boilers
Based on boiler pressure
1)
2)
3)
Low pressure boiler under 20kg/cm2

Medium pressure boiler 20- 75 kg/cm2
High pressure boiler above 75 kg/cm2

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Water tube boiler
o
Used for high steam demand and

pressure requirements
Capacity range of 4,500

120,000 kg/hour
Combustion efficiency enhanced

by induced draft provisions
Lower tolerance for water quality

and needs water treatment plant
(Your Dictionary.com)

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Merits of water tube boilers over

fire
tubeof boilers
Generation
steam is much quicker due to small ratio
of water
content to steam content. This also helps in reaching
the steaming temperature in short time.
Its evaporative capacity is considerably larger and the
steam pressure range is also high-200 bar.
Heating surfaces are more effective as the hot gases
travel at right angles to the direction of water flow.
The combustion efficiency is higher because complete
combustion of fuel is possible as the combustion space
is much larger.
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Merits of water tube boilers over

The boiler
canboilers
be easily transported and erected as its
fire
tube
different parts can be separated.
The thermal stresses in the boiler parts are less as
different parts of the boiler remain at uniform
temperature due to quick circulation of water.
Damage due to the bursting of water tube is less
serious. Therefore, water tube boilers are sometimes
called safety boilers.
All parts of the water tube boilers are easily accessible
for cleaning, inspecting and repairing.
The water tube boiler's furnace area can be easily
altered to meet the fuel requirements.
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Demerits
It is less suitable for impure and sedimentary water, as

a small deposit of scale may cause the overheating and
bursting of tube. Therefore, use of pure feed water is
essential.
They require careful attention. The maintenance costs
are higher.
Failure in feed water supply even for short period is
liable to make the boiler over-heated.

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Comparison between Fire-tube & water-tube boilers

S no.
Particulars
Fire tube boilers
Water tube boilers
1.
Mode of firing
Internally fired
Externally fired
2.
Rate of steam
production
lower
Higher
3.
construction
Difficult
Simple
4.
transportation
Difficult
Simple
5.
Treatment of water
Not so necessary
More necessary
6.
Operating pressure
Limited to 16 bar
Under high pressure as

100 bar
7.
Floor area
More floor area
Less floor area
8.
Shell diameter
Large for same power
Small same power
9.
explosion
Less
More
10.
Risk of bursting
lesser
More risk
Parts
of
Boiler
Boiler Auxiliaries
Boiler EX- Auxiliaries
Boiler Safety
Boiler Auxiliaries
Steam Drum
Steam drum is made up of steal and is that part

of boiler , where steam is separated and all the
impurities of the system are collected here and
expelled out by blow down.
Jeddah
64
Parts of Boiler
Supper Heater
An equipment or device in which heat
could be added to steam after its leave the boiler drum is
known as super heater .super heater tubes are made up
of special alloy steel placed in the flue gas path and the
wet steam is heated there to produce dry steam called
as super heated steam .
It has two advantage over wet steam.

1)
2)
It increase the efficiency.

By the use of super heated steam condensation of
steam is the turbine is minimized to a point where it is
harm less.
Jeddah
65
Parts of Boiler
Generation tubes ( Up risers )
These tubes are directly placed in the
path of hot flue gases. These tubes received
water from drum and contain mixture of water
and steam when heated by flue gases.
Down Comers
The tubes in which water flow down
ward with respect to up risers. These tubes not
only protect the furnace wall but also become an
important part of the furnace heating surface.
Jeddah
66
Parts of Boiler
Furnace
The most important
device where actual burning
of the fuel tubes place energy
produced in furnace is used
to heat water and change it in
to steam.
Economizer
The economizer is a heat
exchanger where heat from
flue gases can be used to
heat the feed water
economically.

Jeddah
67
Economizer
Flue gases coming out of
the boiler carry lot of
heat. An economizer
extracts a part of this heat
from flue gases and uses
it for heating feed water.
This use of economizer
results in saving fuel
consumption and higher
boiler efficiency
.

Jeddah
68
Parts of Boiler
Cyclone separator.
It is a device which use the centrifugal
action for separation of material of different
densities. These are placed in boiler drum and
are made up of steel.
Burners
These are adjusted in
the wall of furnace.
Fuel starts to burn here.
Jeddah
69
Parts of Boiler
Stack Chimney
These portion from where
the flue gases are expelled out
from furnace to the atmosphere.
Re Heater
Re heaters heat the steam after it passes
through high pressure turbine. They are just
after super heaters in the path of flue gases.
In re heaters temperature of steam
rise to increases the efficiency of turbine.
Jeddah
70
Air pre heaters
The air pre heater in steam
generating unit reclaim some heat from flue
gases and adds the heat to the air required for
the combustion of fuel rise of pre heated air will
speed up the combustion al all loads improve
combustion allow load and increases efficiency .
Air pre heater are generally of two type.
1) Tubular air pre heater
2) Rotary air pre heater.
Jeddah
71
Air pre heater
There are three types

of air pre heater:
1. Tubular type
2. Plate type
3. Storage type
This picture shows that a

tubular type air pre heater.
Jeddah
72
Induced draft fan
Induced draft fan are used to remove the flue gases from
furnace to chimney
Forced draft fan

It takes the air from atmosphere and after heating
by pre heater suppress air to two places by force.
Air supplied for combustion in of two types.
1)
Primary air ( used for burning with gases fuel )
2)
Secondary air ( use for adjusting the flame )
Recirculation fan
)
Recirculation fan are used to keep the temperature constant in furnace

chamber . It also used for extra heating to air coming from atmosphere.
Jeddah
73
Boiler Safety Equipment
Inter lock system.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Inter lock system is used in the boiler to prevent

it from ( boiler ) damage .
Boiler is tripped in the following condition
When gas air ratio disturbed
When level of water decreases
On the failure of forced draft fan
When turbine trips boiler also trips
Safety valve
It is set up for safety of boiler and adjusted above the
required pressure and when pressure rises from limiting
factor. Then the extra pressure of boiler is maintain with
in the limit.
Jeddah
74
Turbine & it types
Turbine is a device which converts heat

energy into mechanical energy .
There is number of
blades on the wheels at same axle ( rotor )
and between there are also wheels which
don't move called stationary blades. By
these blades steam gets pressure again
and act upon next blades through nozzles
with high speed and soon.
It is necessary to extract
steam from its out let other wise pressure
will become same at out let and inlet and
turbine is stopped and it may damage any
part . steam is extract from turbine and
used for different purposes.
A large amount of steam
is condensed in condenser to use it again
for turbine rotation.

Jeddah
75
Turbine & it types

Turbine is
classified into three types
based on blades of
turbine.
1)
2)
3)
Impulse type turbine

Reaction type turbine
Velocity compound type
turbine
Jeddah
76
Turbine
In a Thermal Power Plant generally 3 turbines are used to increase the efficiency.
High Pressure Turbine(HPT): The superheated steam is directly fed to this turbine
to rotate it.
Intermediate Pressure Turbine(IPT): The out put from the HPT is reheated in a
reheated(RH) and used to rotate IPT .
Low Pressure Turbine(LPT): The Exhausted steam from the IPT is directly fed to
rotate the shaft of LPT.
*All the turbines are connected to a single shaft which is connected
to the Generator.
Super
Heater
Steam
Shaft
HPT
RH
IPT
LPT
Steam
Condenser
Generator
Generator
It is final and main part
of power plant house where electricity
is produced. An electrical generator or
is a device where mechanical energy
converted into electrical energy .
In generator a magnet
moves with the movement of turbine
shaft . Electrical field is produced in the
winding of stator. The winding will heat
up due to current pressure with may
resist in the flow of current . So it is
necessary to keep it cool. There fore
demineralization water and hydrogen
gas are used for this purpose.
Jeddah
78
Generator
The Synchronous Generator is used to Generate power by connecting the
shaft of the Turbine to the shaft of the generator which cuts the magnetic flux
producing EMF.
The
Generated Voltage will generally 11KV to 20 KV max.

The Generated Voltage is stepped up by connecting Step up transformer
and is transmitted and is also used for Auxiliary
purposes.
UAT
20Kv to 6.KV
Bus Duct
SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR
Generator Transformer
20KV to 400KV
Unit Auxiliary Transformer: This transformer is used to step down the

produced voltage and use for Auxiliary purpose.
K
N
A
TH
U
O
Y

Jeddah
80

Power Plant Chemistry

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Power Plant Chemistry

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Power Plant Chemistry First

SIWEP Shuaibah Jeddah

Power Plant Chemistry

Steam Water Cycle System

Chemistry Branch of science which deals with properties

Matter Any species having weight or mass and occupies space is

Substance Any matter which has uniform composition through

Ion Charge particle are known as ions

Hydrolysis Decomposition of water into H+ and OH- Ions

Mixture It is simply the combination of two or more than two

Compound Chemical combination of two or more elements

Valences The combining power of one element to another element

Atomic weight Total number of proton and neutron in an atom is

Atomic Number The number of proton which are present in

Heat It is common form of energy .Heat added to a body makes it

Temperature It describes the degree of hotness or coldness of

Calorie It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of

B.T.U It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of

C.H.U It is standard abbreviation of centigrade heat unit.

Sensible Heat: The heat shown by the thermometer or the heat

Umar Farooq Senior Chemist

Latent Heat: The heat added or taken into produce a change in

Latent heat of evaporation: The amount of heat which is added

Latent heat of vaporization: The amount of heat required to

Latent heat of fusion: It is the amount of heat required to melt 1g

Latent heat of condensation: The amount of heat taken to

Conduction: In this method heat energy is conducted

Convection: In this method heat energy is transmitted

Radiation In this method heat energy is transfer from

Saturated ( wet ) Steam Steam containing maximum

Super heated steam ( Dry Steam )

Water is an excellent solvent and dissolve to varying

Water born impurities

Such as bacteria algae and fungi

Marine Ecology Survey Conduct by WSP Auditor

Marine Ecology Survey Conduct By WSP Auditor

Blue green Chromes

Pale Damselfish Amblyglyphidodon

Acanthuruse Sohal Surgeonfish and Turf Algea

Umar Farooq Senior Chemist

Why Water is Unique

Water is only substance that exist in form of solid , liquid

Umar Farooq Senior Chemist

Model of hydrogen bonds

Sea Water Impurities

It is store house of impurities

It is due to presence of bicarbonates of calcium

Permanent Hardness(Non Alkaline Hardness )

It is due to presence of chlorides , sulphate and

RELATIVE SETTLING VELOCITIES OF SAND

Time Required to Settle 1 Foot

External Water Treatment

is the removal of impurities from water

External Water Treatment

Practically all surface water contain small

Note: External water treatment for Pretreatment System and RO

osmosis is a membrane process

Seawater supply Pump