02 Climate Change Ozone Depletion 02062024 021313pm

Global Climate Change
 The earth’s average surface temperature have

been changing through out the world’s 4.7
billion-year history
Green House Affect
 For the earth and it’s entire atmosphere to remain at a
constant temperature, incoming solar energy must be
balanced by an equal amount of outgoing energy
 Major green house gasses;
1. Water Vapor-hydrological cycle
2. Carbon Dioxide- carbon cycle
3. Methane (CH4),
4. Nitrous Oxide (N2O),
5. Synthetic chlorofluororocarbons (CFCs),
6. Synthetic perfluorocarbns (PFCs)
7. Synthetic trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafuoride (SF5CF5)
Green house gases
 Inputs of these gasses into the atmosphere
comes from;
 Natural processes
 Human activities
Human Influence
 Population Pressure
 Industrialization & Burning of fossil fuels
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Methane (CH4)
 Nitrous oxide
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Urbanization
 Deforestation
IPCC
 The intergovernmental panel on climate change
(IPCC) is a network of about 2500 of the world’s
leading climate experts from 70 nations
established by the United Nations and world
meteorological Organization (WMO) to study
climate change
Effects of Global Warming
 If the Earth’s surface warms, climate models
project that
 Some places will get hotter and other cooler
 Some areas will be drier and others wetter
 Warmer soil, especially at high latitudes, will speed
up plant decomposition and release more CO2
 Wetter areas will experience more intense rainfall
which will increase soil erosion and flooding
 Weather extremes such as
 Heat waves
 Prolonged drought (from increased evaporation and
drier soils)
 Flooding (from more intense rainfall)
 Violent storms are projected to increase in frequency
and severity
 The largest temperature increases will take place
at the earth’s pole and probably cause more
melting of floating ice and glaciers
 Decrease the earth’s ability to reflect incoming sunlight
(Albedo)
 Amplify global warming
 Reduce the amount of tundra available to arctic species
 Threaten many of the world’s distinctive mammals found only
in arctic and migratory birds that spend a part of each year in
the Arctic
 Threaten some species unique to the Antarctic.
 For 10C (1.80F) in the earth’s average
temperature, climate belts in mid-latitude region
would shift towards earth’s poles by 100-150Kms
or upwards 150 meters in altitude.
 Such shifts could change areas where crops could
be grown and affect the makeup and location of
atleast one-third of today’s forests.
 Forest diebacks from climate change-
wildfires where climates becomes drier-
released CO2 in sufficient quantities-
enhance global warming
 Rise in sea level mainly because water
expands slightly when heated.
 20th century- (10-25 centimeters)
 21st century- (15-95 centimeters)
 2100- (49 centimeters)
 Even a modest rise in sea level of about 95 cms would
 Threaten half of the earth’s estuaries, wetlands, and disrupt marine
fisheries
 Cause sever beach erosion
 Flood coastal regions and put an estimated 300 million people living in
30 of the world’s largest cities directly at risk
 Flood agricultural low lands and deltas in parts of Bangladesh, India,
and China where much of the world’s rice is grown
 Submerge some lying islands in the pacific and Caribbean.
 If warming at the poles caused increased melting of land-
based ice sheets, sea levels would rise much more.
Affects of Global Warming
 Who will be more affected?
 The largest burden will fall on developing nations,
which do not have the economic and
technological ability to adapt to the adverse
impacts of global climate change
Solutions: Dealing with Climate Change
Four approaches
1. Do nothing: Scientist contend that global climate change
from human is not a threat, so do nothing
2. Do more research before acting: A second group of
scientist and economists point to the considerable
uncertainty about climate change and its affect-do more
research
3. Act Now to reduce Risks from Climate Change: A
third group of scientist and economists urge us to adopt
precautionary strategy.
Solutions: Dealing with Climate Change
4. Act Now as a part of a no-regrets strategy: Scientist
and economists supporting this approach say that we
should take the key actions needed to slow projected
atmospheric warming even if it is not a serious threat
because such actions lead to other important
environmental, health, and economic benefits.
 Those who favors 1 and 2- 50% chance that we are
overestimating the impact of rising greenhouse
gases
 Those who favor 3 and 4- 50% chance that we are
underestimating the impact of greenhouse gasses
Climate change and conservation policy
 Climate change policy differs a great deal from other
environmental issues because of its global scale and because of
its implications for wide-reaching economic adjustments.
 The Montreal protocol sought to limit the production of
industrial chemicals that destroy stratospheric ozone.
 Policy debate about climate change made a dramatic shift during
the 1990s.(Table 10.2)
 In the late 1980s, the scientific basis for ascribing warming
trends to human activities still was being formed.
 The Kyoto Protocol (1997)
16
Ozone Layer
 In the stratosphere there is a thin but
strong layer of ozone molecules which
play an important role in protecting the
earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV)
radiation emitted by the sun.
 Ozone depletion refers to the thinning of
the ozone layer in the Earth's
stratosphere, primarily caused by
human-made chemicals like
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons.
OZONE Depletion, CFC, Effects & Control
Health Effects
 Increased UV
Radiation (skin
diseases)
 Harm to Ecosystems
 Impact on Climate
 Economic Impact

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Global Climate Change

 The earth’s average surface temperature have

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