Materials 1 Slides 2024

FC715 Engineering
Materials 1
BOOK
The lecture notes included in this presentation have been adapted from the resources
accompanying the textbook in the recommended reading list.
Materials 1
This week we are going to cover:
• Hooke’s law
• Stress, strain and Young’s modulus
• Shear Stress, shear strain and shear modulus
The elastic spring
A spring is an example of an elastic body that can be
deformed by stretching:
Hooke’s Law
When a spring is stretched, there is a restoring force
that is proportional to the displacement:
F = -kx
Where,
F is the restoring force (N)
x is the displacement (m)
k is the spring constant (N/m)
Example
A coiled spring is stretched 0.05 m by a weight of 2.5 N

hung from its end. How far will the spring be extended if a
1.5 N weight replaces the 2.5 N weight? What weight will
stretch the spring a distance of 0.02 m?
Solution
First find the spring constant of the spring:

F = kx, so k = F/x = 2.5/0.05 = 50 N/m
We then use Hooke’s law again to obtain the new x:
F = kx, so x = F/k = 1.5/50 = 0.03 m
For the extension to be 0.02 m we must have a weight of:
F = kx = 50*0.02 = 1 N
Your Turn
A coiled spring is stretched 0.04 m by a weight of 3N hung

from its end. How far will the spring be extended if a 2N
weight replaces the 3N weight? What weight will stretch
the spring a distance of 0.03 m?
Your Turn (again)
A force of 25 kN applied to a copper wire results in a 2 mm

extension. Assuming the material remains within its
elastic limit, calculate:
a) The force required to produce an extension of 3.5 mm.
b) The extension produced when a force of 15 kN is
applied.
Hooke’s Law
When a spring is stretched, potential energy is
stored. This is given by:
1 2
𝐸= 𝑘 𝑥
2
Where,
E is the potential energy (J)
x is the displacement (m)
k is the spring constant (N/m)
Stress
• When a force is applied to material, this induces a
stress within the material.
• The units of stress are Pascals (Pa), or N/m 2.
• A tensile load will elongate an object under load.
• A compressive load will contract an object under load.

Stress
Stress can be defined as: The mechanical forces or

energy that causes or produces deformation or
fracture in a material.
The formula for stress is given by:

Example
A copper wire, with a cross-sectional area of

0.001 m2 is subjected to a tensile force of 23 kN.
Calculate the stress in the wire.
F 23000
  23 106 Pa
A 0.001
Your Turn
An aluminium rod, with a cross-sectional area of

0.0008m², is subjected to a tensile force of 30kN.
Calculate the stress in the rod.
Worksheet question
A circular section cable has a tensile force of 1kN

applied to it and the force produces a stress of
7.8MPa in the cable. Calculate the diameter of the
cable.
Strain
When a load is applied to a material, this will
result in a small (but not negligible) change in
dimensions.
The change in dimensions induces strain.
Strain is quantified as the ratio of the extension of

a material to its original length.
Strain
The definition for strain can be given as: The deformation
of a materials subjected to mechanical energy forces.
The equation for strain is given by:
Note: as the equation for strain results in a length divided

by a length, strain has no units.
Example
A copper wire, with an original length of 10 m, is

subjected to a tensile force. If the wire elongates
by 0.04 m, determine the strain in the wire.
x 0.04
  0.004
L 10
Your Turn
A steel wire, with an original length of 8m, is subjected to a

tensile force. If the wire elongates by 0.05m, determine
the strain in the wire.
Worksheet question
A pipe has an outside diameter of 20 mm, an inside

diameter of 10 mm and length 0.30 m and it supports a
compressive load of 50 kN. The pipe shortens by 0.6 mm
when the load is applied.
Determine (a) the compressive stress, (b) the compressive

strain in the pipe when supporting this load.
Young’s Modulus
• The ratio between stress and strain gives us
Young’s modulus.
• Often quoted for materials and used extensively

in the design of components.
• This allows an engineer to establish by how

much a component will expand for a given load.
Young’s Modulus
Young’s Modulus is defined as the measurement of
stiffness of a material.
It is given by the following equation:
It has the units of Pa or N/m2.
It is sometimes referred to as Modulus of Elasticity.

Young’s Modulus
The Young Modulus, E is a material property that describes its stiffness.
Material GPa
Rubber (small strain) 0.01–0.1
wood (along grain) 11
Human Cortical Bone 14
High-strength concrete 30
Aluminum 69
Brass 100–125
Titanium 110.3
Carbon fibre reinforced plastic 181
Steel 200
Tungsten 400 – 410
Diamond 1,050 - 1210
Apply the Theory
A cylindrical steel rod is 3m long and has a diameter of

50mm. When subjected to a compressive load of 40kN,
it shortens by 0.25mm. Determine the Young's modulus
of elasticity for the material of the rod.
Apply the Theory (again)
A steel rod 1.75 meters long is subjected to a tensile load.

The maximum allowable stress in the rod is 50 MPa.
Calculate the extension of the rod when loaded, given
that the modulus of elasticity of the material is 70 GPa.
Shear Stress
• Shear stress occurs when
the forces are not co-
planar.
• The area on which the

stress acts is therefore
parallel, not
perpendicular.
Shear Stress
The bolt, below, will undergo shear stress as the loads
are applied.
Shear Stress
The shear stress, , is defined as the shear force used to
distorted or deform the object.
where
F = load or force imposed parallel to the upper and lower
faces
A0 = area parallel to the applied load or force.
Shear Stress has the units of N/m2 or Pa.

Shear Strain
As the forces within the

material are not in the same
plane, the forces cause the
material to deform as shown.
Shear Strain
The shear strain is defined as the ratio of the distance
deformed to the height x
L
Shear Strain
Thus, the angle, , is given by:
Since this is a very small angle, ; therefore, this can be

approximated to:
The angle, , is the shear strain within the material.

Shear Modulus
The Shear Modulus, G, is the ratio of shear stress to shear
strain.
Shear Modulus is given by the equation:
where:
G = Shear modulus (N/m2)
 = Shear stress (N/m2)
 = Shear strain (no units)
Example
A shear force of 2 kN is applied across a bolt of

cross-sectional area 0.001 m2. Calculate the shear
stress on the bolt.
F 2000
τ 
AO 0.001
= 2 MPa
Example
A shear force of 2 kN is applied across a bolt of cross-

sectional area 0.001 m2. Given the shear modulus of
the bolt, G = 20 GPa, calculate the shear strain.
 
Rearranging gives:
G 
 G
 2 10 6
 
= 1 ×G

10-4 20 109
Your Turn
A shear force of 3kN is applied across a pin of cross-

sectional area 0.002 m². Given the shear modulus of the
pin, G = 25GPa, calculate the shear strain.
*Bonus Questions* (part 1)
1. A force of 25kN applied to a piece of steel produces an
extension of 2mm. Assuming the elastic limit is not
exceeded, determine the force required to produce an
extension of 3.5 mm and the extension when the applied
force is 15kN.
2. Define the modulus of elasticity of a material.
3. A metal tube 1.75m long carries a tensile load and the
maximum stress in the tube must not exceed 50 MPa.
Determine the extension of the tube when loaded if the
modulus of elasticity for the material is 70GPa.
*Bonus Questions* (part 2)
The greatest tensile stress which a steel of a particular type

can withstand without breaking is 109 Pa. A wire is made of
this steel.
a) Define strain and state its units in the SI system.
b) If the greatest tensile force that the wire can withstand is
100 N, find the cross-sectional area of the wire.
c) Find the minimum diameter of an alloy cable with tensile
strength 50 MPa needed to support a load of 10 kN.

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FC715 Engineering

This week we are going to cover:

A coiled spring is stretched 0.05 m by a weight of 2.5 N

First find the spring constant of the spring:

A coiled spring is stretched 0.04 m by a weight of 3N hung

A force of 25 kN applied to a copper wire results in a 2 mm

• The units of stress are Pascals (Pa), or N/m 2.

• A tensile load will elongate an object under load.

• A compressive load will contract an object under load.

Stress can be defined as: The mechanical forces or

The formula for stress is given by:

A copper wire, with a cross-sectional area of

An aluminium rod, with a cross-sectional area of

A circular section cable has a tensile force of 1kN

The change in dimensions induces strain.

Strain is quantified as the ratio of the extension of

The equation for strain is given by:

Note: as the equation for strain results in a length divided

A copper wire, with an original length of 10 m, is

A steel wire, with an original length of 8m, is subjected to a

A pipe has an outside diameter of 20 mm, an inside

Determine (a) the compressive stress, (b) the compressive

• Often quoted for materials and used extensively

• This allows an engineer to establish by how

It is given by the following equation:

It has the units of Pa or N/m2.

It is sometimes referred to as Modulus of Elasticity.

A cylindrical steel rod is 3m long and has a diameter of

A steel rod 1.75 meters long is subjected to a tensile load.

• The area on which the

Shear Stress has the units of N/m2 or Pa.

As the forces within the

Since this is a very small angle, ; therefore, this can be

The angle, , is the shear strain within the material.

A shear force of 2 kN is applied across a bolt of

A shear force of 2 kN is applied across a bolt of cross-

A shear force of 3kN is applied across a pin of cross-

The greatest tensile stress which a steel of a particular type

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