TV

PRODUCTION
SIR PIUS PAULO MYANDA

MOROGORO SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM

@2024
 Camera Operation mode

• Camera has two operation modes

• Auto mode :- It is advised to be set
in the non reversal event just like
president visit
• Manual mode:- It Is advised in
reversal events just like Video
shooting
 Shots and its uses

• Shots helps the audience to look on the

subject /object in different perspectives.
• Shots have different messages depending on
the director’s preference/need. This means
close up shot can be used to communicate
different massage beyond what it always
does.
• Videographers use different types of shots to
communicate different messages to the audience.
• Every type of shot has its own language
 Basic Camera Shots

1. Extreme wide shot

2. Very wide shot
3. Wide shot (Full frame)
4. Medium shot
5. Medium close up shot
6. Close up shot
7. Extreme close up shot
#1. Extreme wide shot

• It shows the surrounding

environment beyond the
subject of the video. You go
beyond.
• Today most of the extreme
wide shots are done aerial by
the use of drones.
• It is used in establishment to
show the audience the
surrounding environment
where the subject of the
photo is at. Eg; during
graduation at Raila Odinga
grounds you show the view
beyond SAUT that means
even Nyamarango area
#2. Very wide shot

• Here you concentrate on

the surrounding area
where the subject of the
video is at. You don’t go
beyond.
• It used to show the near
surrounding
environment of the
subject of the video.
• Eg, during Graduation at
SAUT you only show
Raila Odinga grounds
with few near buildings.
 #3. Wide Shot

• Here you feel the

subject on the
screen
• It is called full
frame
• Used to show
whole subject of
the frame
#4. Medium Shot

• Normally it start from

waist to the head
• It used to show
gesture of the subject
of the video
• There is also news
medium that is called
Cowboy shot, it
starts from knees to
head
 #5. Medium Close Up

• It is taken from
chest above
• It always used for
taking passport
size photos
#6. Close up shot
• This starts from
shoulder to above
• NB: During
production
producer
concentrates of the
flow of content but
director on actions
and how shots
communicate it.
 #7. Extreme Close Up
Shot
• It only focus on
head
• It used to show
emotions or very
details of the
subject of video
• There are
different version
of this type
NB: Compliment illustrations
from other sources
Cont…
 Other types of shots
#1. Cut away
shots
• Here you take different types of shots
combined together on complementing the
message ether positive agents.
• Highly used in news packages and
documentary
• Eg; During narration or interview about the
topic then the different shots passes on
screen
#2. Over the Shoulder shots

• It sometimes called
conversation shot
• You take the shot
from subject view
• Eg when two
persons are in
conversation you
take it from a
shoulder of one
subject to another
#3. Point of view shot

• Here you show

what the
subject is
looking at
• For example;
the subject is
heading to the
ocean the you
show how the
ocean seen
 #4. Subject View Shot

• Here you show view

as exactly subject
eye see
• For example a
person is in the
midst of heavy forest
then he looks above
then this is how
exactly the picture
will portray on the
screen
 Camera Movement

• Camera movement helps viewer to feel

like he is in the part of action
• A camera person must understand at
what time and which action it is very
important to apply a certain type of the
movement so as to help the viewer feel
like they are in the part of action.
Basic Camera Movement

#1. Pan
• This is a
horizontally
movement of
camera from right
to the left of from
left to the right
• That action is
called panning
Cont…

#2. Tilt
• This is a vertical
movement of
camera as it
rotate from up
down and down
up
• NB: Pan and tilt
used to reveal the
elements in the
scene or subject
 Cont…

#3. Dolly
• This is a movement
of camera toward or
away from the
object/Subject of the
video
• Moving toward is
called dolly in and
moving away is
called dolly out.
Cont…

• #4. Follow
• This is a movement of
camera in which a
camera person follow
a subject behind to
the action
• Here the distance
between the camera
na subject is
maintained
 Cont…

#5. Tracking
• This is a
movement of
camera in which
the camera move
with the subject
side to side
during an action
 Basic Camera angles

Basically there are two types of camera angles,

both used with purpose
• #1. Low angle
• It is taken from bottom view of the subject
• It communicates superiority
• It gives power
• #2. High angle
• Taken up from up view
• It communicates inferiority
• It takes away power
 Pictorial Description
Low angle High angle
Other angles
 Module 3: Visual
Composition & Lighting
• Video composition refers to the organization of
subject within the frame of the camera (Defining
area)
• This is how you frame what and how you want to
be seen in the camera as a camera person.
• This is very important because whatever seen in
the frame communicate a message to the
audience.
• It is very important to have good composition
because in visual we don’t tell but we see.
 Things to avoid in
video composition
#1. Avoid unnecessary elements;
That means whatever element seen must be
necessary, because all the
components/elements seen communicate so
they can mislead or compete with the
intended message as in video we see.
#2. Observe there rule of third;
• The rule of third helps on showing where
the subject is looking to or heading to.
 Cont…

#3. Balance the flame;

• Maintain equal space between subject and
subject, and subject to the frame/boundary
line. Do not denial him a space or giving
him too much space.
#4. Maintain simple composition;
• Do not complicate, just be simple because
complicated composition sometime can
mislead the audience.
 Cont…

#5. Keep your elements orderly

• Arrange all elements on frame in a good
order. Good order between subject and
subject, subject with the surrounding
environment (Setting) because there is
contract between them and they work
together to convey the message.
• Eg, arrange well between tall and short.
 Basic Guidelines of
Composition
#1. Rule of
Thirds
• This helps to
show eye
direction of the
subject
• Also it shows
where the
subject is
heading to
Cont…

#2. Light and dark

• This used when you
want to show the
contrast, to direct the
audience where the
message is(Focus)
• Light area(Focus),
Dark area/Sehollite
(Out of focus)
 Cont…

#3. Angle and

perspective
• You use the distance
between character
and his perspective
when the subject is
directed at
• Over the should shot
with the surrounding
setting
Cont…

• #4. Leading line

• This helps to lead
an eye to the
subject.
• It helps to shoe
where the
message is at, you
direct the eye to
the element that
you want to be
seen.
 Cont…

#5. Eye level framing

• Here you compose
your picture in real eye
perspective
• For example is the
subject is laying down
looking the other side
you as camera person
you have to show from
that angle.
Cont..

#6. Depth of field

• This is a sharpness
area between camera
and the object/subject
• You can compose by
giving focus to want
you want to be seen
and autofocus on what
you want not to be
seen at the moment.
Common Composition
#1. Subject Placement
• Here you need to balance
your subject on frame
• The balance should be
well.
• Wherever you place your
frame sends message to
the audience so you must
place and send the
message you intends
Cont…

#2. Head room

• This helps to
maintain the
subject on the
frame even if he
moves
 Cont…

#3.
Lead/Breathing
room
• This space
helps on
subject
placement
• Also it shows
direction of the
subject.
Cont…

#4. 180
degree rule
• This is an
imaginary
horizontal line
that a camera
person must
not bleak when
taking a video
 Main take away
• #1. The primary goal of composition is to
control your audience focus because in visual
we don’t tell but we see.
• #2. If you take a good shot without a
structure/ composition your audience
perception will be catered. A good shot goes
with visual good composition. Composition
complement shot
• #3. Make sure you use your composition as a
tool to guide your audience attention.
 Lighting

• Without good light you can not get a

good visual because visual is everything
about light
• Apart from it basic role right define a
lot of things in the visual.
• Right used to create mood to the
audience
 Properties of Right
#1. Quality;
• We define the quality of light until it hit the subject.
In case of this property right can be soft or hard.
• Hard light create sharp shadow therefore you must
need extra light to kill the shadow or you can use
the diffusers/dimmers. (The mid day sun) NB: Hard
light can also be used for an editor preference to
send a certain message.
• Soft light creates soft shadow so it is good in
production because it is very easy to kill the shadow
 Cont…

#2. Intensity
• Different light sources provide different
intensity. In case of intensity we have natural
light and artificial light. Some productions ask
high light intensity and other low intensity.
• Natural source is uncontrollable, but it can
be modified by using diffusers and dimmers
• Artificial source in both controllable and can
be modified
 Cont…
#3. Color temperature
• Each kind of light source has kind of the color.
Those color caused by a kind of source is called
color temperature. They are used to send messages.
• Color temperature is measured by Calving (K˚).
There are two basic standard of color temperature:-
• 3200 K is standard for studio light / indoor
• 5500 K is standard for day time / outdoor
• Setting White balance auto mode it follows the
above
 Cont…
#4. Direction
• This means where the light is focus at
• There are three pointing light as they can me used
together of single if they intend to send a specific
message.
• Front light it is place in front of the object not necessary 90˚
angle, it is the key light
• Side light it is placed in the other side at least 45˚ angle toward
the subject. It is used to kill the shadow created by front light.
• Back light is placed behind or above the subject as it is used to
create clear boundary between a subject and the background.
Pictorial Description
 Light Sources
• There are two sources of light in production which are
natural light and artificial light.
• Natural light cannot be controlled but modified by
equipment like dimmers and diffusers. This is good to
be used in studio
• Artificial light can both be controlled and modified.
This is good to be used for outdoor production.
• Sometimes natural and artificial light can be used to
complement one another
• NB: Light gives realism of the event and WB helps to
get right the color depend on the kind of source
# Main Take Always #

1. The art of TV production is the act of light

and making that light telling the story.
2. Effect of light changes as those three
pointing lights changes direction
3. Major function of light is generally
establishing mood of the event
4. Sometimes setting the color temperature
within the camera can be done by setting
correctly white balance
Module 4: Audio Recording
For TV Production
• In Television production visual can stand alone
but sometimes need complement from sound.
This makes audio to be vary important.
• We collect audio through a gadget called
microphone . On studying microphone we
focus on:-
• Pic up pattern
• Types of microphone –(Manufacturer/usability)
• Characteristics of the types
 #1. Pic up pattern

• Microphone has the way of collecting

audio and that way is called microphone
pattern.
• Microphone pattern is the way
microphone collect sound waves.
Different microphones have different
pattern.
• Understanding microphone pattern
helps to know which microphone to be
used for which event.
 Three basic types of pic up
pattern

1. Omni directional; it pics sound from all

direction…whatever sound waves in the
surrounding area is picked in the same
quality…it is good to be used picking sound
of cloud like football fans
2. Uni directional; it pics sound waves from
only one direction…is good to be used for
interview
3. Bi directional; it pics sound from two
directions…this are used in studio
#2. Types of Microphones

1. Dynamic Mic
• This microphone does not need power to work,
you only connect to the mixer and it start
functioning.
• Characteristics
• They are reliable
• They are durable
• They are cheap (doesn't need power)
• They are easy to use / no complication
• Most of them are Uni directional
 Cont…

2. Condenser Mic
• It does not function without power. They use power
either independent power cell in the microphone
itself of power system in the mixer.
• Characteristics
• Very sensitive, need handling with care
• Not easy to use very complicated
• Some build in with button for two pic up pattern
• Costly
• Not much reliable
 Cont…

3. Ribbon Microphone
• These are advanced condenser microphones.
They are sometimes called sound recording
studio microphone because they are first
microphone to be introduced in recording.
• Characteristics
• High ability in picking up sound waves
• Are very expensive
• Made to be used in only one place
Audio Operation
(Audio Mixer & Audio Amplifier)

• Sound recording refers to the reproduction of

sound waves into fixed form from which the
content can be held or re-communicated again.
• We record audio for the purpose of
complementation, Amplification & Beautification
• There are two categories of sound recording
• 1. Studio sound recording
• 2. On location (Out of studio)
 Cont…

• Both studio recording and on location

sound recording differs in terms of
mechanic whereby in the studio we are
dealing with acoustic (Sound Proff),
but in on location recording we deal
with the surrounding environment.
• Environment is uncontrollable but the
advantage is getting the natural sound,
but in studio recording you must have
sound effect (STX).
 Audio mixer

• When you come to big production or

studio recording mixer must be used to:-
• To boost sound
• Sound equalization, as to ensure all sound are
getting out in the same level
• Sound commination
• Mixer accept, combines, process and monitor
audio
 Types of mixer

• #1. Analogy mixer

• #2. Digital mixer
• They differ on how they merge audio
and input(How it receives sound)
• In analogy mixer inputs are so many
also usually big in size, but in digital
mixer input are so few.
Module 5:
Script writing & Video editing

A. Script development
• Script development starts with idea
development. Idea must be developed
and there are two stage of
development:-
• 1st giving the idea
• 2nd development of idea
 Questions to ask oneself
on idea development
• 1. Why?
• Explore what is a motive behind. Is your idea for
commercial, personal, relationship? This helps to cultivate
idea in a proper manner.
• 2. Ask if is there any good story (something new) in
this idea.
• 3. Is it practical? ;- here look on the practicability
of an idea because some idea are not practical.
• 4. Do we have strong character? Eg do you have
presenters, sources, are they competent, are they
strong?
 Cont…

• 5. Does it have an audience appear?

• Ask how will audience perceive it? audience
perspective. Just look at it from the audience
eye/perspective
• 6. Budget
• Budget can be checked into two perspectives a.
Production wise & b. Running cost (airtime)
• 7. The need of script
• Look on what on how many script will you use?
 Script writing

• Script is a guideline of a production. It

shoes the way to go through the
production on what, where and when to
do.
• In electronic there are variety of
scripting that can be used for Pre-
production, Production and post
production.
• Both TV & Radio use script but in
different ways
 Types of scripts in TV
• #1. News script; In news we have two types of
scripts a). Reading script – used by news readers
in front of teleprompter b). Production script –
used by producer behind the scene. It guides
producer.
• #2. Drama script; most used in radio. It has an
ability to visualize the setting.
• #3. Screen play script; it is used during
production. It shows the setting, dialogue, camera
shots, effects. It is used in movies or dram
readable by director and camera people.
 Cont…

• #4. Stage play script; Prepared only

for stage production. It directs
communication between presenter and
audience because audience are not far
away from presenters.
• The uniqueness of this is that it doesn’t
have rewind and it have visible reaction,
however the other doesn’t have visible
reaction from audience because
audience are not near.
 Cont…

• NOTA BENE:
• Production script is just a guideline, it
leads maybe during interview.
• It doesn’t have full content because you
can not expect what a source can
respond
• It is just a guideline
 Script writing

• There are two ways of writing script:-

• 1. Full page
• All the guideline are indicated in one page
• 2. Split page
• The guideline divided by two, three, four……
just depending on the producer’s
preference.. For example you may have
column for video, audio, dialogue, and other
for shots.
 Full page script

• INT: Class
• (Teaching and students in class)
• Teacher…………………………(MS)
• Students…………………………(XS)
• EXT: Football field
• (Players talking to coach)
• Coach:………………………….(LS)
• Player: ………………………………(MS)
 Split page script
VIDEO AUDIO
MS: Presenter Qin: ………………….
Qout……………………

XS: Source 1 Qin: ………………….

Qout……………………

MS: Presenter Qin: ………………….

Qout……………………
Module #6: Production
Phase & Television genres
A. Production Phases
• Production have structure that
has been divided into three
stages:-
• 1. Pre- production
• 2. Production
• 3. Post – production
 Cont…

• 1. Pre production
• This involves idea development, story planning, drafts
and job allocation.
• 2. Production
• This involves execution of what was planned in the
pre production stage in the field . It is a stage of going
in field. Script become reality in the eye of a viewers.
• 3. Post production
• This stage involves editing and fie turning. It is just a
final stage in production.
 Take aways

1. In TV production the three phases depend on

each other, you can not shift into the other stage
if you have not finished the previous stage.
2. Each phase has specific people to do the duties
3. In some cases there are software checklist to
show what are things you are supposed to
accomplishes in each phase
4. The weight of the final project depends on the
serious on how you do your work in this three
stages
B. Television genres

• Category of production helps to give the

formats of the production
• There are different genres in production
and what differentiate them is stylistic
criteria. They use different stylistic
criteria.
• There are many genre such as children
programs, Reality shows, Religious,
News, and Sports
The above genres they follow
the following formats:-
• 1. News
• 2. Interview
• 3. Discussion programs
• 4. Documentary
 Cont…
• 1. News; there is hard news, current affairs,
infotainments, sports, business news and docu-
information.
• 2. Interview; The basic kinds of interview are:- 1.
One on one interview – Used in hard news, 2.
Behavior interview- used to uncover issue
concerning a person’s future either good or bad, 3.
Situational interview – they challenge the ability of
the field of expertise. Eg you invite an expert to talk
about an issue. 4. Case interview – Here you ask a
person with exposure about an issue (mchambuzi) to
come and explain.
 Cont…
• 3. Discussion; people seat down and discus
about a topic in panel. The aim of this is to share
the views of the guest and listener on the same
issue. You discus thing in 360 degree angle
• Key issue to consider in discussion
• Research and preparation, get fact and figures
• Guest management , how to manage guests with different
ability
• Spoken language skills, how to cool temper of guests also
protecting livelihood of your source.
• Confidence and competence ; speak with autholity.
 Take aways

1. Understand each genres has own

way of stylistic production
2. Some programs can have more
than one genre
3. Genre can have more than one
stylistic production formats
 Piece To Camera
(PTC)
• PTC refers to taking on the camera when
you are in the field
• It is used either to make a bridge,
emphasize, introduce or winding a report.
• It is a way of adding impact and contrast
to the report
• The aim of this is to make people to see
the presence immediate and autholity.
 Things to consider on
PTC
• #1. Maintain the eye contact
• #2. Maintain mic position
• #3. Do not write down your PTC but adlib.
• #4. Don’t hold props to big to distract or lob your
comfortability, just have a small notebook or piece
of paper instead.
• #5. Language; be flexible and use proper language
• #6. Stamina; have a stamina of what happening in
surround and keep concentrating on camera
Essential skills to a news
anchor
• #1. Knowledgeability; have extensive
exposure
• #2. Ability to process news information; eye
piece when you just receive breaking news
while on air
• #3. Ethical compass; Not reacting on air
• #4. Good command of language; pronunciation
• #5. Interview skills, how will you conduct
interview
 Cont…

• #6. Master of multi tasking; have an

ability to receive info from eyepiece,
while observing the camera and read
news.
• #7. Acute sense of timing; know how to
time the time . Eg what you do with lest
of story once you are informed that you
have left with only 5minutes
• #8. Practices makes perfect; Do more
practices of reading wherever you are.
 END OF
MODULE

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