CPS405 ch02

Federal University
Gashua
Department of Computer Science
CPS405: Data Management II
CHAPTER ONE: Database Approach
USMAN SULEIMAN IDRISS

Benefits of the Database Approach
Minimal Data Redundancy
 With the database approach, data files are integrated
into a single, logical structure. We are not suggesting all

redundancy is controlled. It is designed into the system
to improve performances (or provide some other
benefits), and the system is (or should be) aware of
redundancy.
Consistency of Data
 By controlling data redundancy, we greatly reduce the
opportunities for inconsistency. For example, if each

address is stored only once, we cannot have
disagreement on the stored values. When controlled
redundancy is permitted in the database, the database
system itself should enforce consistency by updating
each occurrence of a data item when a change occurs.
Integration of Data
 In a database, data are organized into a single,
logical structure, with logical relationships defined

between associated data entities. This makes it easy
for users to relate one item of data to another.
Sharing of Data
 Most database systems today permit multiple users to
share a database concurrently, although certain

restrictions are imposed such that each user would be
able to view a subset of the conceptual database
model.
Ease of Application Development

 A major advantage of the database is that it
greatly reduces the cost and time for

developing new business applications as
programmer is relieved from the burden of
designing, building, and maintaining master
files.
In a database system, data are independent of

the application programs that use them. Within
limits, either data or the application programs
that use the data can be changed without
necessitating a change in the other factor.
Costs of the Database Approach
New, Specialized Personnel
 Frequently, organizations that adopt the database
approach or purchase a database management system
(DBMS) need to hire train individuals to maintain the
new database software, develop and enforce new
programming standards, design databases to achieve the
highest possible performance, and manage the staff of new
people.
Need for Explicit Backup

 Minimal data redundancy, with all its associated benefits,
may also fail to provide backup copies of data. Such backup

or independently produced copies are helpful in restoring
damaged files and in providing validity checks on crucial
data.
 To ensure that data are accurate and available whenever
needed, either database management software or additional

procedures have to provide these essential capabilities.
Interference with Shared Data
Costs of the Database Approach
 The concurrent access to shared data via several application
programs can lead to some problems.

 First, when two concurrent users both want to change the
same or related data, inaccurate results can occur if access to

the data is not properly synchronized.
 Second, when data are used exclusively for updating, different
users can obtain control of different segments of the database

and lock up any use of the data (so called deadlock).
Organizational Conflict
 A shared database requires a consensus on data definitions
and ownership as well as responsibilities for accurate data

maintenance.
 Experience has shown that conflicts on how to define data,
data length and coding, rights to update shared data, and

associated issues are frequent and difficult managerial issues
to resolve.
Database Management System (DBMS)
 A DBMS is a software application system that is used to

create, maintain, and to provide controlled access to user
databases.
 Example of DBMS include but not limited to MySql, Oracle

and MS Access
Components of DBMS
1. DBMS Engine
Components of DBMS
This is the central components of a DBMS which provides

access to the repository and the database and coordinates
all of the other functional elements of the DBMS.
2. Application Development Subsystem

This subsystem provides facilities that allow end users and
programmers to develop complete database applications.
Components of DBMS
3. Interface subsystem
The interface subsystem provides facilities for users and
applications to access the various components of the DBMS.
Most DBMS products provide a range of languages and other
interfaces. The system is used by programmers and by users
with little or no programming experience. For examples:
 A data definitions languages (DDL) which is used to define

database structures such as records, tables, files and views.
 An interactive query language (such as SQL), which is used to
display data extracted from the database and to perform
simple updates.
 A graphic interface (such as Query-by example).
 A DBMS programming language (such as dBASE IV command
language or Access Basic).
 An interface to standard third-generation programming
languages .
Components of DBMS
4. Information Repository Dictionary Subsystem

 This is also known as the Data Dictionary which is used to
manage and control access to the repository.

5. Performance Management Subsystem
 This provides facilities to optimize DBMS performance. Two
of its important functions follow:

 Query optimization: Structuring SQL queries to minimize
response time.
 DBMS reorganization: Maintaining statistics on database
usage and taking actions such as database reorganization,

creating indexes.
6. Security Management Subsystem
 This subsystem provides facilities to protect and control
access to the database and repository.

Components of DBMS
7. Backup and Recovery Subsystem

 This subsystem provides facilities for logging transactions
and database changes, periodically making backup copies

of the database, and recovering the database in the event
of some type of failure.
END
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Federal University

CHAPTER ONE: Database Approach

USMAN SULEIMAN IDRISS

into a single, logical structure. We are not suggesting all

opportunities for inconsistency. For example, if each

logical structure, with logical relationships defined

share a database concurrently, although certain

Ease of Application Development

greatly reduces the cost and time for

In a database system, data are independent of

Need for Explicit Backup

may also fail to provide backup copies of data. Such backup

needed, either database management software or additional

 The concurrent access to shared data via several application

programs can lead to some problems.

same or related data, inaccurate results can occur if access to

users can obtain control of different segments of the database

and ownership as well as responsibilities for accurate data

data length and coding, rights to update shared data, and

 A DBMS is a software application system that is used to

 Example of DBMS include but not limited to MySql, Oracle

This is the central components of a DBMS which provides

2. Application Development Subsystem

 A data definitions languages (DDL) which is used to define

4. Information Repository Dictionary Subsystem

manage and control access to the repository.

of its important functions follow:

usage and taking actions such as database reorganization,

access to the database and repository.

7. Backup and Recovery Subsystem

and database changes, periodically making backup copies

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